Sepp Dietrich

Sepp Dietrich
Born	(1892-05-28)28 May 1892 Hawangen, Bavaria, German Empire
Died	Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany
Allegiance	German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany
Service/branch	Waffen-SS
Years of service	1911–19 1928–45
Rank	Oberst-Gruppenführer
Service number	NSDAP #89,015 SS #1,117
Commands held	5th Panzer Army 6th Panzer Army
Battles/wars	World War I Battle of Caporetto World War II Invasion of Poland battle of Dunkirk battle of France battle of Greece operation Barbarossa Operation Overlord Battle of the Bulge Malmedy Massacre operation Frühlingserwachen Siege of Budapest
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds

Josef "Sepp" Dietrich (28 May 1892 – 21 April 1966) was an Oberst-Gruppenführer in the Waffen-SS, the armed paramilitary branch of the Schutzstaffel (SS), who commanded units up to army level during World War II. Prior to 1929, he was Adolf Hitler's chauffeur and bodyguard but received rapid promotion after his participation in the extrajudicial executions of political opponents during the 1934 purge known as the Night of the Long Knives. He later commanded 6th Panzer Army during the Battle of the Bulge. After the war he was imprisoned by the United States for war crimes and later by West Germany for his involvement in the 1934 purge.

Early life and interwar period

Sepp Dietrich was born on 28 May 1892 in Hawangen, near Memmingen in the Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire.

In 1911 he joined the Bavarian Army with the 4. Bayerische Feldartillerie-Regiment "König" (4th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment) in Augsburg. In the First World War he served with the Bavarian Field artillery, He was promoted to Gefreiter in 1917 and awarded the Iron Cross 2nd class. In 1918 he was promoted to Unteroffizier (sergeant). Last Bavarian army record lists Dietrich as recipient of Iron Cross 1st class and Bavarian Military Merit Order 3rd class with swords.

Interwar period

In the Weimar Republic

After the Great War Dietrich worked at several jobs, including policeman and customs officer. He joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1928, got a job at Eher Verlag, the NSDAP publisher, and became commander of Hitler's Schutzstaffel (SS) bodyguard. His NSDAP number was 89,015 and his SS number was 1,117. Dietrich had been introduced to Nazism by Christian Weber, who was his employer at the Tankstelle-Blau-Bock filling station in Munich. He accompanied Hitler on his tours around Germany. Later Hitler arranged other jobs, including various SS posts, and let him live in the Reich Chancellery. On 5 January 1930 Dietrich was elected to the Reichstag as a delegate for Lower Bavaria.

By 1931 he had become SS-Gruppenführer. When the Nazi Party seized power in 1933, he rose swiftly through the hierarchy. He became the commander of Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) and member of the Prussian state council. As one of Hitler's intimates, Dietrich was often able to disregard his SS superior, Heinrich Himmler, at one time even banning Himmler from the Leibstandarte barracks. The LSSAH eventually grew into an elite division of the Waffen-SS. Although the unit was nominally under Himmler, Dietrich was the real commander and handled day-to-day administration.

In the summer of 1934 Dietrich played a key role in the Night of the Long Knives. Hitler, along with Dietrich and a unit from the Leibstandarte, traveled to Bad Wiessee to personally oversee Ernst Röhm's arrest on 30 June. Later at around 17:00 hours, Dietrich received orders from Hitler for the Leibstandarte to form an "execution squad" and go to Stadelheim prison where certain SA leaders were being held. There in the prison courtyard, the Leibstandarte firing squad shot five SA generals and an SA colonel. Additional alleged "traitors" were shot in Berlin by a unit of the Leibstandarte after Hitler told him to take six men and go to the Ministry of Justice to shoot certain Sturmabteilung (SA) leaders. Shortly thereafter, Dietrich was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer. Dietrich's role later earned him a 19-month sentence from a postwar court.

World War II

Dietrich in Greece, 1941

After World War II began, Dietrich led the Leibstandarte during the German advance into Poland and later the Netherlands. After the Dutch surrender, the Leibstandarte moved south to France on 24 May 1940. They took up a position 15 miles southwest of Dunkirk along the line of the Aa Canal, facing the Allied defensive line near Watten. That night the OKW ordered the advance to halt, with the British Expeditionary Force trapped. The Leibstandarte paused for the night. However, on the following day, in defiance of Hitler's orders, Dietrich ordered his III Battalion to cross the canal and take the heights beyond, where British artillery observers were putting the regiment at risk. They assaulted the heights and drove the observers off. Instead of being censured for his act of defiance, Dietrich was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

Dietrich remained in command of the Leibstandarte throughout the campaigns in Greece and Yugoslavia before being promoted to command of the 1st SS Panzer Corps, attached to Army Group Center, on the Eastern Front. In 1943, he was sent to Italy to recover Benito Mussolini's mistress Clara Petacci. He received numerous German military medals.

Dietrich commanded the 1st SS Panzer Corps in the Battle of Normandy. He rose to command 5th Panzer Army during the later stages of this campaign. Hitler gave him command of the newly created 6th Panzer Army. Dietrich led it in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944-January 1945). He had been assigned to that task because, due to the 20 July Plot, Hitler distrusted Wehrmacht officers. On 17 December, Kampfgruppe Peiper—an SS unit under his overall command—murdered 84 U.S. prisoners of war near Malmedy, Belgium, in what is known as the Malmedy massacre.

In March 1945 Dietrich's 6th Panzer Army and the LSSAH spearheaded Operation Spring Awakening, an offensive in Hungary near Lake Balaton aimed at securing the last oil reserves still available to Germany. Despite early gains, the offensive was too ambitious in scope and failed. After that failure, the 6th SS Panzer Army (and LSSAH) retreated to the Vienna area. As a mark of disgrace, the Waffen-SS units involved in the battle were ordered by Hitler to remove their treasured cuff titles. Dietrich did not relay the order to his troops. Shortly thereafter, Dietrich's troops were forced to retreat from Vienna by Soviet Army forces. Dietrich, accompanied by his wife, surrendered on 9 May 1945 to the U.S. 36th Infantry Division in Austria.

Assessment

Dietrich had complete confidence of the Führer because of his plain-speaking loyalty; the old political fighter was one of Hitler's favorites. He therefore enjoyed much lavish publicity, numerous decorations and a rapid series of promotions. Dietrich often took gambles, much to the dislike of the OKW, such as when he sent the Leibstandarte division "charging into Rostov" without orders "purely to gain a prestige victory". Once Dietrich was promoted to a Corps command he was at least assisted by competent staff officers transferred from the army; still, the army command had to take some pains to keep him in line.

By 1944 there were clear signs that he had been elevated above his military competence. He reportedly had never been taught how to read a military map. Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt considered him to be "decent but stupid" and was especially critical of Dietrich's handling of the 6th Panzer Army in the Ardennes. Even Dietrich's principal staff officer conceded that he was "no strategic genius".

Dietrich's long, personal acquaintance with Hitler allowed him to be more frank than other senior officers in his interactions with Hitler. He was reported by a fellow general to have "railed against the Führer and [his] entourage" with promises to let Hitler know that he was "leading us all to destruction".

War crimes conviction

Mug shot of Sepp Dietrich in Landsberg Prison

Dietrich was tried as Defendant No. 11 by the U.S. Military Tribunal at Dachau ("United States of America vs. Valentin Bersin et al.", Case No. 6-24), from 16 May 1946 until 16 July 1946. On that day he was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Malmedy massacre trial for his involvement in ordering the execution of U.S. prisoners of war. Due to testimony in his defence by other German officers, his sentence was shortened to 25 years. He was imprisoned at the U.S. War Criminals Prison No. 1 at Landsberg am Lech in Bavaria. Dietrich served only ten years and was released on parole on 22 October 1955.

He was re-arrested in Ludwigsburg in August 1956. He was charged by the Landgericht München I and tried from 6 May 1957 until 14 May 1957 for his role in the killing of SA leaders during the Night of the Long Knives in 1934. On 14 May 1957 he was sentenced to 19 months for his part in that purge and returned to the U.S. military prison at Landsberg. He was released due to a heart condition and circulation problems in his legs on 2 February 1958. By then he had already served almost his entire 19-month sentence.

Later life

File:The Waffen-SS general Sepp Dietrich in his cell while in U.S. custody.gif

Dietrich inside his cell

Upon his release from prison he took an active part in the activities of HIAG, a revisionist organization and lobby group of former Waffen-SS members. Founded by former high-ranking Waffen-SS personnel, it campaigned for the legal, economic and historical rehabilitation of the Waffen-SS, with limited success. In 1966 Dietrich died of a heart attack. Six thousand people, including many former SS men, attended his funeral. Dietrich was married twice: he was divorced from his first wife in 1937 and remarried in 1942. He had three children. Before his second marriage he was a visitor of the Salon Kitty.

Summary of SS career

Decorations

• Iron Cross (1914), Second (1917) and First (1918) Classes
• Bavarian Military Merit Order 3rd class with swords (1918)
• Tank Memorial Badge (1921)
• Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (25 September 1939) & 1st Class (27 October 1939)
• Blood Order-(Nr. 10) (1933)
• Golden Party Badge (1933)
• Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
• Pilot/Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds (1943)
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
  • Knight's Cross on 4 July 1940 as SS-Obergruppenführer and commander of SS Infantry Regiment "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"
  • 41st Oak Leaves on 31 December 1941 as SS-Obergruppenführer and commander of SS Division Leibstandarte
  • 26th Swords on 14 March 1943 as SS-Obergruppenführer and general of the Waffen-SS and commander of SS Division Leibstandarte
  • 16th Diamonds on 6 August 1944 as SS-Oberstgruppenführer and commander of I SS Panzer Corps

Promotions

1 June 1928:	SS-Sturmführer
1 August 1928:	SS-Sturmbannführer
1 August 1929:	SS-Standartenführer
18 September 1929:	SS-Oberführer
11 July 1930:	SS-Brigadeführer
18 December 1931:	SS-Gruppenführer
4 July 1934:	SS-Obergruppenführer
1 October 1941:	General der Waffen-SS (appointed)
20 April 1942:	SS-Obergruppenführer and Panzer-General der Waffen-SS
1 August 1944:	SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer und Panzer-Generaloberst der Waffen-SS

References

Bibliography

In English

• Messenger, Charles (1988). Hitler's Gladiator: The Life and Times of Oberstgruppenfuhrer and Panzergeneral-Oberst Der Waffen-SS Sepp Dietrich, London. ASIN: B000OFQ62W.

In German

• Höhne, Heinz. Der Orden unter dem Totenkopf, Verlag Der Spiegel, Hamburg 1966; English translation by Richard Barry entitled The Order of the Death's Head, The Story of Hitler's SS, London: Pan Books (1969). ISBN 0-330-02963-0.

Military offices
Preceded by none	Commander of Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler 17 March 1933 – 7 April 1943	Succeeded by SS-Brigadeführer Theodor Wisch
Preceded by none	Commander of I SS Panzer Corps 4 July 1943 – 9 August 1944	Succeeded by SS-Brigadeführer Fritz Kraemer
Preceded by General of Panzer Troops Heinrich Eberbach	Commander of 5. Panzerarmee 9 August 1944 – 9 September 1944	Succeeded by General of Panzer Troops Hasso von Manteuffel
Preceded by none	Commander of 6. SS-Panzerarmee 26 October 1944 – 8 May 1945	Succeeded by dissolved on 8 May 1945