Ogham inscription

There are roughly 400 known ogham inscriptions on stone monuments scattered around the Irish Sea, the bulk of them dating to the 5th and 6th centuries. Their language is predominantly Primitive Irish, but a few examples record fragments of the Pictish language. Ogham itself is an Early Medieval form of alphabet or cypher, sometimes known as the "Celtic Tree Alphabet".
There are a number of different numbering schemes. The most widespread is CIIC, after R. A. S. Macalister. This covers the inscriptions known by the 1940s. Another numbering scheme is that of the Celtic Inscribed Stones Project, CISP, based on the location of the stones; for example CIIC 1 = CISP INCHA/1. Macalister's (1945) numbers run from 1 to 507, including also Latin and Runic inscriptions, with three additional added in 1949. Ziegler lists 344 Gaelic ogham inscriptions known to Macalister (Ireland and Isle of Man), and seven additional inscriptions discovered later.
The inscriptions may be divided into "orthodox" and "scholastic" specimens. "Orthodox" inscriptions date to the Primitive Irish period, and record a name of an individual, either as a cenotaph or tombstone, or documenting land ownership. "Scholastic" inscriptions date from the medieval Old Irish period up to Modern times.
The vast bulk of the surviving ogham inscriptions stretch in arc from County Kerry (especially Corcu Duibne) in the south of Ireland across to Dyfed in south Wales. The remainder are mostly in south-eastern Ireland, eastern and northern Scotland, the Isle of Man, and England around the Devon/Cornwall border. The vast majority of the inscriptions consist of personal names, probably of the person commemorated by the monument.
Contents
Orthodox inscriptions
Ogham letters | |||
Aicme Beithe | Aicme Muine | ||
α | Beith | α | Muin |
α | Luis | α | Gort |
α | Fearn | α | nGΓ©adal |
α | Sail | α | Straif |
α | Nion | α | Ruis |
Aicme hΓatha | Aicme Ailme | ||
α | Uath | α | Ailm |
α | Dair | α | Onn |
α | Tinne | α | Γr |
α | Coll | α | Eadhadh |
α | Ceirt | α | Iodhadh |
Forfeda | |||
α | Γabhadh | ||
α | Γr | ||
α | Uilleann | ||
α | IfΓn | α | Peith |
α | Eamhancholl |
In orthodox inscriptions the script was carved into the edge (droim or faobhar) of the stone, which formed the stemline against which individual characters are cut. The text of these "Orthodox Ogham" inscriptions is read beginning from the bottom left-hand side of a stone, continuing upward along the edge, across the top and down the right-hand side (in the case of long inscriptions).
MacManus (1991) lists a total of 382 known Orthodox inscriptions. They are found in most counties of Ireland, concentrated in Southern Ireland: County Kerry (130), Cork (84), Waterford (48), Kilkenny (14), Mayo (9), Kildare (8), Wicklow and Meath (5 each), Carlow (4), Wexford, Limerick, Roscommon (3 each), Antrim, Cavan, Louth, Tipperary (2 each), Armagh, Dublin, Fermanagh, Leitrim, Derry and Tyrone (1 each). Other specimens are known from Wales (ca. 40: Pembrokeshire (16), Breconshire and Carmarthenshire (7 each), Glamorgan (4), Cardiganshire (3), Denbighshire (2), Powys (1), and Caernarvonshire (1)), from England (Cornwall (5) Devon (2), elsewhere (1?)); the Isle of Man (5), and with some doubtful examples from Scotland (2?)
Formula words
The vast majority of inscriptions consist of personal names and use a series of formula words, usually describing the person's ancestry or tribal affiliation. The formula words used are MAQI αααα β 'son' (Modern Irish mac); MUCOI ααααα β 'tribe' or 'sept'; ANM αα α β 'name' (Modern Irish ainm); AVI ααα β 'descendant' (Modern Irish uΓ); CELI αααα β 'follower' or 'devotee' (Modern Irish cΓ©ile); NETA α ααα β 'nephew' (Modern Irish nia); KOI ααα β 'here is' (equivalent to Latin HIC IACIT). KOI is unusual in that the K is always written using the first supplementary letter Ebad. In order of frequency the formula words are used as follows:
- X MAQI Y (X son of Y)
- X MAQI MUCOI Y (X son of the tribe Y)
- X MAQI Y MUCOI Z (X son of Y of the tribe Z)
- X KOI MAQI MUCOI Y (here is X son of the tribe Y)
- X MUCOI Y (X of the tribe Y)
- X MAQI Y MAQI MUCOI Z (X son of Y son of the tribe Z)
- Single name inscriptions with no accompanying formula word
- ANM X MAQI Y (Name X son of Y)
- ANM X (Name X )
- X AVI Y (X descendant of Y)
- X MAQI Y AVI Z (X son of Y descendant of Z)
- X CELI Y (X follower/devotee of Y)
- NETTA X (nephew/champion of X)
Nomenclature
The nomenclature of the Irish personal names is more interesting than the rather repetitive formulae and reveals details of early Gaelic society, particularly its warlike nature. For example, two of the most commonly occurring elements in the names are CUNA ααα α β 'hound' or 'wolf' (Modern Irish cΓΊ) and CATTU ααααα β 'battle' (Modern Irish cath). These occur in names such as (300) CUNANETAS ααα αα αααα β 'Champion of wolves'; (501) CUNAMAGLI ααα αααααα β 'prince of wolves'; (107) CUNAGUSSOS β '(he who is) strong as a wolf'; (250) CATTUVVIRR αααααααααα β 'man of battle'; (303) CATABAR ααααααα β 'chief in battle'; IVACATTOS ααααααααα β 'yew of battle'. Other warlike names include (39) BRANOGENI αααα αααα α β 'born of raven'; (428) TRENAGUSU αααα ααααα β 'strong of vigour'; and (504) BIVAIDONAS αααααααα αα β 'alive like fire'. Elements that are descriptive of physical characteristics are also common, such as (368) VENDUBARI ααα αααααα β 'fair-headed'; (75) CASONI ααααα α β 'curly headed one'; (119) DALAGNI αααααα α β 'one who is blind'; (46) DERCMASOC ααααααααα β 'one with an elegant eye'; (60) MAILAGNI ααααααα α β 'bald/short haired one' and (239) GATTAGLAN ααααααααα β 'wise and pure'.
Other names indicate a divine ancestor. The god Lugh features in many names such as (4) LUGADDON αααααααα , (286) LUGUDECA αααααααα and (140) LUGAVVECCA αααααααααα, while the divine name ERC (meaning either 'heaven or 'cow') appears in names such as (93) ERCAIDANA αααααααα α and (196) ERCAVICCAS αααααααααα . Other names indicate sept or tribal name, such as (156) DOVVINIAS αααααα ααα from the Corcu Duibne sept of the Dingle and Iveragh peninsulas in Co. Kerry (named after a local goddess); (215) ALLATO αααααα from the Altraige of North Kerry and (106) CORIBIRI αααααααα from the DΓ‘l Coirpri of Co. Cork. Finally of particular interest is the fact that quite a few names denote a relationship to trees, names like (230) MAQI-CARATTINN ααααααααααααα α β 'son of rowan'; (v) MAQVI QOLI αααααααααα β 'son of hazel' and (259) IVOGENI αααααα α β 'born of yew'.
The content of the inscriptions has led scholars such as McNeill and Macalister to argue that they are explicitly pagan in nature. They argue that the inscriptions were later defaced by Christian converts, who deliberately attacked them by removing the word MUCOI ααααα on account of its supposedly tribal, pagan associations, and adding crosses next to them to Christianize them. Other scholars, such as McManus argue that there is no evidence for this, citing inscriptions such as (145) QRIMITIR RONANN MAQ COMOGANN ααααααααααααα αα α αααααααααααα α α, where QRIMITIR is a loan word from Latin presbyter or 'priest'. McManus argues that the supposed vandalism of the inscriptions is simply wear and tear, and due to the inscription stones being reused as building material for walls, lintels, etc. (McManus, Β§4.9). McManus also argues that the MUCOI formula word survived into Christian manuscript usage. There is also the fact the inscriptions were made at a time when Christianity had become firmly established in Ireland. Whether those who wrote the inscriptions were pagans, Christians, or a mixture of both remains unclear.
Ireland
Ireland has the vast majority of inscriptions, with 330 out of 382. One of the most important collections of orthodox ogham inscriptions in Ireland can be seen in University College Cork (UCC) on public display in 'The Stone Corridor'. The inscriptions were collected by antiquarian Abraham Abell 1783β1851 and were deposited in the Cork Institution before being put on display in UCC. He was a member of the Cuvierian Society of Cork whose members, including John Windele, Fr. Matt Horgan and R.R. Brash, did extensive work in this area in the mid-19th century. Another well-known group of inscriptions can be seen at Dunloe, near Killarney in Co. Kerry. The inscriptions are arranged in a semicircle at the side of the road and are very well preserved.
ID | Text | Translation / Personal names | Location | Notes |
CIIC 1 | ααααααααα
ααααα
αααααααααα
αααα LIE LUGNAEDON MACCI MENUEH |
"The stone of Lugnaedon son of Limenueh". | Inchagoill Island, Co Galway | CISP INCHA/1[1] |
CIIC 2 | αααα
αααα
ααα QENUVEN[DI] |
Qenuvendi, "white head", corresponding to early names Cenond, CenondΓΏn, CenindΓΏn[2] | Cloonmorris, Mohill, Co Leitrim | CISP CLOOM/1[3] |
CIIC 3 | αααα
ααααααααααααα
αααα
ααα CUNALEGI AVI QUNACANOS |
"Cunalegi, descendant of Qunacanos" | Island, Costello, Co Mayo | CISP ISLAN/1[4] |
CIIC 4 | ααααααααα
αααααααααααααα ααααααααα[--]ααααααα LUGADDON MA[QI] L[U]GUDEC DDISI MO[--]CQU SEL |
LugΓ‘ed son of Luguid | Kilmannia, Costello, Co Mayo | CISP KILMA/1[5] |
CIIC 5 | ααααααααααααααααα ALATTOS MAQI BR[ |
Alattos son of Br... | Rusheens East, Kilmovee, Costello, Co Mayo | CISP RUSHE/1[6] |
CIIC 6 | αααααααα
αααααα QASIGN[I]MAQ[I] |
Qasignias son of ... | Tullaghaun, Costello, Co Mayo | CISP TULLA/1[7] |
CIIC 7 | αααααααααα
αααααααααααααααααα
α MAQ CERAN[I] AVI ATHECETAIMIN |
Son of CiarΓ‘n, descendant of the UΓ Riaghan | Corrower, Gallen, Co Mayo | CISP CORRO/1[8] |
CIIC 8 | ααααααααααααααααααα
αααααααααα
ααα MA[QUI MUCOI] CORBAGNI GLASICONAS |
Son of the tribe Corbagnus Glasiconas | Dooghmakeon, Murrisk, Co Mayo | CISP DOOGH/1[9] |
CIIC 9 | ααααααααααααααα MAQACTOMAQGAR |
Son of Acto, son of Gar | Aghaleague, Tirawley, Co Mayo | CISP AGHAL/1[10] Almost illegible |
CIIC 10 | ααααα[--]αα[--]ααααααααα / αααααααααααααααααααααααααααα L[E]GG[--]SD[--] LEGwESCAD / MAQ CORRBRI MAQ AMMLLOGwITT |
Legwescad, son of Corrbrias, son of Ammllogwitt | Breastagh, Tirawley, Co Mayo | CISP BREAS/1[11] |
CIIC 141 | αααααααααα..ααααααααα MAQI MAQ[I..O]GGODIKA |
Son of the son of Oggodika | Aglish, Corkaguiney, Co Kerry | CISP AGLIS/1[12] The ogham stone was cut into an early Christian gravestone, at which time were added a cross pattΓ©e and an arrow-like motif flanked by two swastikas |
CIIC 193 | ααα
αααααααα
αααααααααα ANM COLMAN AILITHIR |
"[written in] the name of ColmΓ‘n, the pilgrim" | Maumanorig, Co Kerry | CISP MAUIG/1[13] |
CIIC 200 | ααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααααα MAQI-TTAL MAQI VORGOS MAQI MUCOI TOICAC |
Son of Dal, son of Vergosus (Fergus), son of the tribe of Toica | Coolmagort, Dunkerron North, Co Kerry | CISP COOLM/4[14] |
CIIC 300 | αααα
α
ααααααααααααααααα
ααααααααααα
ααα CUNNETAS MAQI GUC[OI] NETA-SEGAMONAS |
Cunnetas, Neta-Segamonas | Old Island, Decies without Drum, Co Waterford | CISP OLDIS/1[15] |
CIIC 317 | αααααααααααααααααααα
αα DOTETTO MAQ[I MAGLANI] |
Dotetto, Maglani(?) | Aghascrebagh, Upper Strabane, Co Tyrone | CISP AGHAS/1[16] |
CIIC 1082 | ααααα
α
αα
αααααααααααα
α
ααα GLANNANI MAQI BBRANNAD |
Ballybroman, Co Kerry | CISP BALBR/1[17] | |
CIIC 1083 | ααααααααααα
ααααααααααααα
α
α COMMAGGAGNI MU[CO]I SAMMNN |
Rathkenny, Ardfert, Corkaguiney, Co Kerry | CISP RTHKE/1[18] | |
β | [A]NM SILLANN MAQ FATTILLOGG | Ratass Church, Tralee, Co Kerry | CISP RATAS/1[19] |
Wales
The orthodox inscriptions in Wales are noted for containing names of a Latin origin and some names in Brythonic (or early Welsh), and are mostly accompanied by a Latin inscription in the Roman alphabet. Examples of Brythonic names include (446) MAGLOCUNI αααααααα α (Welsh Maelgwn) and (449) CUNOTAMI ααα ααααα (Welsh cyndaf). Wales has the distinction of the only ogham stone inscription that bears the name of an identifiable individual. The stone commemorates Vortiporius, a 6th-century king of Dyfed (originally located in Clynderwen).[20] Wales also has the only ogham inscription known to commemorate a woman. At Eglwys Cymmin (Cymmin church) in Carmarthenshire is the inscription (362) AVITORIGES INIGENA CUNIGNI αααααααααααααα αααα ααααα ααα αα or 'Avitoriges daughter of Cunigni'. Avitoriges is an Irish name while Cunigni is Brythonic (Welsh Cynin), reflecting the mixed heritage of the inscription makers. Wales also has several inscriptions which attempt to replicate the supplementary letter or forfeda for P (inscriptions 327 and 409).
ID | Text | Translation / Personal names | Location | Notes |
CIIC 423 | αα[--]αα[--]αααα Q[--]QA[--]GTE |
Castle Villa, Brawdy, Pembrokeshire | CISP BRAW/1[21] | |
CIIC 426 | αα
αααααααααααααααααααααααααααα NETTASAGRI MAQI MUCOE BRIACI |
Nettasagri, Briaci | Bridell, Pembrokeshire | CISP BRIDL/1[22] |
CIIC 427 | ααααααααααα[--]ααα MAGL[I]DUBAR [--]QI |
Magl[ia], Dubr[acunas] | Caldey Island, Penally, Pembrokeshire | CISP CALDY/1[23] |
CIIC 456 | αααα
ααααα GENDILI |
Steynton, Pembrokeshire | CISP STNTN/1[24] Latin "GENDILI" |
England, Isle of Man, Scotland
England has seven or eight ogham inscriptions, five in Cornwall and two in Devon near the Cornish border, which are the product of early Irish settlement in the area. A further inscription in Silchester in Hampshire is presumed to be the work of a lone Irish settler. Perhaps surprisingly, Scotland has only three orthodox inscriptions, as the rest are scholastic inscriptions made by the Picts (see below). The Isle of Man has five inscriptions. One of these is the famous inscription at Port St. Mary (503) which reads DOVAIDONA MAQI DROATA ααααααααα αααααααααααααα or 'Dovaidona son of the Druid'.
ID | Text | Translation / Personal names | Location | Notes |
CIIC 466 | ααααα
αααααααααα IGENAVI MEMOR |
Lewannick, Cornwall | CISP LWNCK/1[25] Latin text "INGENVI MEMORIA" | |
CIIC 467 | ααααααα
αα U[L]CAG[.I] / [.L]CAG[.]I |
Ulcagni | Lewannick, Cornwall | CISP LWNCK/2[26] Latin text "[HI]C IACIT VLCAGNI" |
CIIC 470 | αααααα
αα LA[TI]NI |
Worthyvale, Slaughterbridge, Minster, Cornwall | CISP WVALE/1[27] Latin text "LATINI IC IACIT FILIUS MACARI" | |
CIIC 484 | ααααααα [I]USTI |
St. Kew, Cornwall | CISP FARDL/1[28] A block of granite, Latin "IVSTI" in a cartouche | |
CIIC 489 | αααααααααααααααααααα SVAQQUCI MAQI QICI |
"[The stone] of Safaqqucus, son of Qicus" | Ivybridge, Fardel, Devon | CISP FARDL/1[29] |
CIIC 488 | ααα
αααααα ENABARR |
To compare with the name of the horse of Manannan Mac Lir (Enbarr)[30] | Roborough Down, Buckland Monachorum, Devon | CISP TVST3/1[31] |
CIIC 496 | ααααααααααααααααααααα EBICATO[S] [MAQ]I MUCO[I] [ |
Silchester, Hampshire | CISP SILCH/1[32] Excavated 1893 | |
CIIC 500 | FILIVS-ROCATI | HIC-IACIT ααααααααααααααααααααα [.]b[i]catos-m[a]qi-r[o]c[a]t[o]s |
"Ammecatus son of Rocatus lies here" "[Am]bicatos son of Rocatos" |
Knoc y Doonee, Kirk Andreas | CISP ANDRS/1[33] Combined Latin and Ogam |
CIIC 501 | αααα
ααααααααααα CUNAMAGLI MAC[ |
CISP ARBRY/1[34] | ||
CIIC 502 | αααααααααα MAQ LEOG |
CISP ARBRY/2[35] | ||
CIIC 503 | ααααααααα
αααααααααααααα DOVAIDONA MAQI DROATA |
"Dovaido son of the Druid." | Ballaqueeney, Port St Mary, Rushen | CISP RUSHN/1[36] |
CIIC 504 | ααααααααα
αααααααααααα αααα
αααααα BIVAIDONAS MAQI MUCOI CUNAVA[LI] |
"Of Bivaidonas, son of the tribe Cunava[li]" | Ballaqueeney, Port St Mary, Rushen | CISP RUSHN/2[37] |
CIIC 506 | ααααααααααααααααα
αα VICULA MAQ CUGINI |
Vicula, Cugini | Gigha, Argyll | CISP GIGHA/1[38] |
CIIC 507 | ααααα
[-]α
α CRON[-][N][ |
Poltaloch, Kilmartin, Argyll | CISP POLCH/1[39] Fragment, recognised in 1931 | |
CIIC 1068 | ααααα
αα LUGNI |
Ballavarkish, Bride | CISP BRIDE/1[40] Recognized 1911; crosses and animals, 8th or 9th century |
Scholastic inscriptions
The term 'scholastic' derives from the fact that the inscriptions are believed to have been inspired by the manuscript sources, instead of being continuations of the original monument tradition. Scholastic inscriptions typically draw a line into the stone's surface along which the letters are arranged, rather than using the stone's edge. They begin in the course of the 6th century, and continue into Old and Middle Irish, and even into Modern times. From the High Middle Ages, contemporary to the Manuscript tradition, they may contain Forfeda. The 30 or so Pictish inscriptions qualify as early Scholastic, roughly 6th to 9th century. Some Viking Age stones on Man and Shetland are in Old Norse, or at least contain Norse names.
Scotland
ID | Text | Translation / Personal names | Location | Notes |
CISP BRATT/1 | ααααααααααααα
αα IRATADDOARENS[ |
Addoaren (Saint Ethernan?) | Brandsbutt, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire | CISP BRATT/1[41] Pictish(?), dated 6th to 8th century |
CISP BREAY/1 | αααααααααα : αα
ααααααααααααα : αααααααα : ααα
α
[--]αααα
αααααααααααααααα
α
[--]α CRRO[S]SCC : NAHHTVVDDA[DD]S : DATTRR : [A]NN[--] BEN[I]SES MEQQ DDR[O]ANN[-- |
Nahhtvdd[add]s, Benises, Dr[o]ann | Bressay, Shetland | CISP BREAY/1[42] Norse or Gaelic, contains five forfeda |
? | αααα
ααααααα
αααα [B]ENDDACTANIM[L] |
a blessing on the soul of L. | Birsay, Orkney | Excavated in 1970.[43] See Buckquoy spindle-whorl |
? | ααααααα
α
αα
ααααααααααα
αα AVUOANNUNAOUATEDOVENI |
Avuo Anuano soothsayer of the Doveni | Auquhollie, near Stonehaven | CISP AUQUH/1[44] |
Newton Stone | AIDDARCUN FEAN FOBRENNI BA(L or K)S IOSSAR[45] | ? | Shevock toll-bar, Aberdeenshire | Contains 2(?) lines of Ogham inscriptions and an undeciphered secondary inscription[46] |
Isle of Man
- CISP KMICH/1,[47] an 11th-century combined Runic and Ogam inscription in Kirk Michael churchyard, Kirk Michael, Isle of Man
- αααααα αααααααααααααααα
- ααααααααααααααααααααααα
- αα αα¬αα’αα΄α’αΏα¬α±α ααααα¬α΄α±α’αα¬α¦ααΎα α¬αα ααα±α¬αα αα¬αα’α±α’α¬α α’ααα±α α¬αααΎαα¬ααααα±αα’α α΄α ααα¬α΄ααΎα α¬ααα¬α α¦αααα¬α ααα
- αααα±α
ααα¬αα
αα α
α¬α α’ααα±α
α¬α΄α’α¦α
αΎα¬α¦α
αΎα¬αααΎα¬ααα
αΎα
- Transcription:
- blfsnhdtcqmgngzraouei
- MUUCOMAL LAFIUA MULLGUC
- MAL : LUMKUN : RAISTI : KRUS : ΓINA : IFTIR : MAL : MURU : FUSTRA : SINI : TOTIRTUFKALS : KONA : IS : AΓISL : ATI+
[B]ITRA : IS : LAIFA : FUSTRA : KUΓAN : ΓAN : SON : ILAN +- Translation:
- An ogham abecedarium (the whole ogham alphabet)
- "Mucomael grandson/descendant of O'Maelguc"
- "Mal Lumkun set up this cross in memory of Mal Mury her foster-son, daughter of Dufgal, the wife whom Athisl married,"
- "Better it is to leave a good foster son than a bad son"
- (The runic part is in Norse.)
Ireland
- A 19th-century ogham inscription from Ahenny, Co. Tipperary (Raftery 1969)
- Beneath this sepulchral tomb lie the remains of Mary Dempsey who departed this life January the 4th 1802 aged 17 years
- ααααα αααααα ααααααααααα ααααααααα ααααααααα αααααα αααα
- fa an lig so na lu ata mari ni dhimusa / o mballi na gcranibh
- "Beneath this stone lieth MΓ‘ri NΓ DhΓomasaigh from Ballycranna"
Manuscript tradition
- Latin text written in ogham, in the Annals of Inisfallen of 1193 (ms. Rawlinson B. 503, 40c)
- αα αααααααα αααααααααα αα αα ααααα ααααααααααααα
- numus honoratur sine / numo nullus amatur
- This is a hexameter line with internal rhyme at the caesura, to be scanned as follows: nΕ«mus honΕrΔtur || sine nΕ«mΕ nullus amΔtur.
- "Money is honoured, without money nobody is loved"
- Fictional inscription: a Middle Irish saga text recorded in the Book of Leinster (LL 66 AB) mentions the following ogham inscription:
- ααααααααααααααα ααααααααα ααααααααααααααααααα
- αααααααααααααααααααααααα αααααααααα
- αααα αααααααααα ααα αααααααααααααααα
- Gip e tised in faidche, dia m-ba gascedach, geis fair ar thecht dind faidchi cen chomrac n-oenfhir do fhuacra.
- "Whoever comes to this meadow, if he be armed, he is forbidden to leave the meadow, without requesting single combat."
Literature
- Brash, R. R., The Ogam Inscribed Monuments of the Gaedhil in the British Isles, London (1879).
- J. Higgitt, K. Forsyth, D. Parsons (eds.), Roman, Runes and Ogham. Medieval Inscriptions in the Insular World and on the Continent, Donington: Shaun Tyas (2001).
- Jackson, K.H., Notes on the Ogam inscriptions of southern Britain, in C. Fox, B. Dickins (eds.) The Early Cultures of North-West Europe. Cambridge: 197β213 (1950).
- Macalister, Robert A.S. The Secret Languages of Ireland, pp27 β 36, Cambridge University Press, 1937
- Macalister, R. A. S., Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum Vol. I., Dublin: Stationery Office (1945).
- Macalister, R. A. S., Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum' Vol. II., Dublin: Stationery Office (1949).
- McManus, D, A Guide to Ogam, An Sagart, Maynooth, Co. Kildare (1991)
- MacNeill, Eoin. Archaisms in the Ogham Inscriptions, 'Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy' 39, pp 33β53, Dublin
- Ziegler, S., Die Sprache der altirischen Ogam-Inschriften, GΓΆttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht (1994).
References
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External links
- Celtic Inscribed Stones Project (CISP)
- TITUS Ogamica
- Irish Ogham stones
- Pictish Ogham Inscriptions
- Silchester Roman Town β The Insula IX Town Life Project β The Ogham Stone
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- β Discovered in 1975. Thomas Fanning and Donncha Γ CorrΓ‘in, "An Ogham stone and cross-slab from Ratass Church, Tralee", JKAHS 10 (1977), pp. 14β18.
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- β J. A. MacCulloch, The Religion of the Ancient Celts
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