1993 Pakistani general election

Pakistan general election, 1993

October 6, 1993 (1993-10-06)
All 207 seats contested 104 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	40.3%
First party Second party   Leader Benazir Bhutto Nawaz Sharif Party PPP PML (N) Leader since 1982 1993 Leader's seat Lark-anna Lahore Last election 44, 36.8% 111, 37.4% Seats before 44 111 Seats won 89 73 Seat change 45 38 Popular vote 7,578,635 7,980,229 Percentage 37.9% 39.9% Swing -0.6% 2.4%
Prime minister before election Nawaz Sharif IDA Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto PPP

General elections were held in Pakistan on 6 October 1993. The election took place after both the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan resigned to resolve a power struggle between them. Although the Pakistan Muslim League (N) won the largest number of votes, the Pakistan Peoples Party won the most seats. After winning the support of minor parties and independents the leader of the PPP, Benazir Bhutto, was elected Prime Minister by the National Assembly. Voter turnout was 40.3%.

Background

The Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) won the 1990 election and the party's leader, Nawaz Sharif, became Prime Minister. In early 1993 he attempted to strip the President of the power to dismiss the Prime Minister, National Assembly and regional assemblies. However, in April 1993 President Khan dismissed Sharif for corruption and called elections for the 14 July after dissolving the National Assembly. Sharif immediately appealed to the Supreme Court, which in May ruled by 10 to 1 that Khan had exceeded his powers and therefore restored Sharif as Prime Minister.

Khan and Sharif then began to battle for control of Pakistan for the next two months. They both attempted to secure control over the regional assemblies and in particular, Punjab. In Punjab this saw a staged kidnapping and the moving of 130 members of the Punjab Assembly to the capital to ensure they stayed loyal to Sharif. Meanwhile, the leader of the main opposition party Benazir Bhutto threatened to lead a march on Islamabad unless new elections were called.

Finally on the 18 July, under pressure from the army to resolve the power struggle, Sharif and Khan resigned as Prime Minister and President respectively. Elections for the National Assembly were called for the 6 October with elections for the regional assemblies set to follow shortly afterwards.

Campaign

Until the election the chairman of the Senate, Wasim Sajjad became interim president and former World Bank executive Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi became caretaker prime minister. The interim government cut spending, introduced a tax on rich landowners and cracked down on corruption and drug traffickers. They were praised for stabilising the country while the campaign took place but their policies were criticised by the two main political leaders, Sharif and Bhutto.

In total 1,485 candidates stood in the election but the main fight was between the PML-N of Nawaz Sharif and the PPP of Benazir Bhutto. Their policies were very similar but saw a clash of personalities with both parties making many promises but not explaining how they were going to pay for them. Sharif stood on his record of privatisations and development projects and pledged to restore his taxi giveaway program. Bhutto promised price supports for agriculture, pledged a partnership between government and business and campaigned strongly for the female vote.

Opinion polls showed a very close election between the two main parties but there was a lot of cynicism among voters. The army was credited with making sure that the election was fair and deployed 150,000 troops in polling stations to ensure this.

Results

The PPP won the most seats in the election at 86 but failed to gain a majority with the PML-N second with 73 seats. This was also the first election in Pakistan in which the party that won the popular vote, the PML-N, failed to win the most seats. The PPP performed strongly in Bhutto's native Sindh and rural Punjab, while the PML-N was strongest in industrial Punjab and the largest cities such as Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi. Islamic fundamentalist candidates did poorly in an election that was marked by a low turnout. Turnout in Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, was particularly low at 20% after one party MQM (A) boycotted the election. International observers from 40 countries reported no serious irregularities in an election which was seen as the most free and fair since 1970.

Parties	Votes	%	Seats	+/–
Pakistan Muslim League (N)	7,980,229	39.9	73	New
Pakistan Peoples Party	7,578,635	37.9	89	New
Pakistan Muslim League (J)	781,652	3.9	6	New
Pakistan Islamic Front	645,278	3.2	3	New
Islamic Jamhoori Mahaz	480,099	2.4	4	New
Awami National Party	335,094	1.7	3	–3
Mutehda Deeni Mahaz	216,937	1.1	2	New
Pakhtun-khwa Milli Awami Party	97,541	0.5	3	+2
National Democratic Alliance	64,713	0.3	1	New
Jamhoori Wattan Party	54,607	0.3	2	0
Pakhtun-khwa Qaumi Party	54,144	0.3	1	New
National Peoples Party (Khar)	48,721	0.2	1	New
Balochistan National Movement (Hayee)	47,648	0.2	1	New
Balochistan National Movement (Mengal)	45,228	0.2	1	New
Other parties	107,979	0.5	0	–
Independents	1,482,033	7.4	16	–6
Invalid/blank votes	272,769	–	–	–
Total	20,293,307	100	207	0
Source: Nohlen et al.

Aftermath

Both main parties lobbied the smaller parties and independents for their support in the National Assembly. The PPP was successful and on the 20 October 1993 Benazir Bhutto was elected Prime Minister receiving 121 votes to 72 for Nawaz Sharif. Her position was strengthened by a strong performance by the PPP in the regional elections on the 9 October, in which the PPP, with the help of its Alliance partners, managed to retake Punjab for the first time since 1971.