Lapatinib

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Not to be confused with apatinib.
Lapatinib
Lapatinib2DACS.svg
Lapatinib3Dan.gif
Systematic (IUPAC) name
N-[3-chloro-4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-6-
[5-[(2-methylsulfonylethylamino)methyl]-2-furyl]
quinazolin-4-amine
Clinical data
Trade names Tykerb, Tyverb
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a607055
Licence data EMA:Link, US FDA:link
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
  • D
Legal status
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Variable, increased with food
Protein binding >99%
Metabolism Hepatic, mostly CYP3A-mediated (minor 2C19 and 2C8 involvement)
Biological half-life 24 hours
Excretion Mostly fecal
Identifiers
CAS Number 231277-92-2 N
Template:CAS (ditosylate)
ATC code L01XE07 (WHO)
PubChem CID: 208908
IUPHAR/BPS 5692
DrugBank DB01259 YesY
ChemSpider 181006 YesY
UNII 0VUA21238F YesY
KEGG D04024 N
ChEBI CHEBI:49603 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL554 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C29H26ClFN4O4S
Molecular mass 581.058 g/mol
  • CS(=O)(=O)CCNCc1ccc(o1)c2ccc3c(c2)c(ncn3)Nc4ccc(c(c4)Cl)OCc5cccc(c5)F
  • InChI=1S/C29H26ClFN4O4S/c1-40(36,37)12-11-32-16-23-7-10-27(39-23)20-5-8-26-24(14-20)29(34-18-33-26)35-22-6-9-28(25(30)15-22)38-17-19-3-2-4-21(31)13-19/h2-10,13-15,18,32H,11-12,16-17H2,1H3,(H,33,34,35) YesY
  • Key:BCFGMOOMADDAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N YesY
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Lapatinib (INN), used in the form of lapatinib ditosylate, (USAN) (Tykerb/Tyverb, GSK) is an orally active drug for breast cancer and other solid tumours.[1] It is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor which interrupts the HER2/neu and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways.[2] It is used in combination therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. It is used for the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer whose tumors overexpress HER2 (ErbB2).[3]

Status

On March 13, 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lapatinib in combination therapy for breast cancer patients already using capecitabine (Xeloda, Roche).[2][3] In January 2010, Tykerb received accelerated approval for the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses the HER2 receptor and for whom hormonal therapy is indicated.[3]

Pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) markets the drug under the propriety names Tykerb (mostly US) and Tyverb (mostly Europe).[4] The drug currently has approval for sale and clinical use in the US,[2][4] Australia,[2] Bahrain,[2] Kuwait,[2] Venezuela,[2] Brazil,[5] New Zealand,[5][6] South Korea,[5] Switzerland,[4] Japan, Jordan, the European Union, Lebanon, India and Pakistan.[4]

On the 2nd of August 2013, India's Intellectual Property Appellate Board revoked the patent for Glaxo's Tykerb citing its derivative status, while upholding at the same time the original patent granted for Lapatinib.[7]

The drug lapatinib ditosylate is classified as S/NM (a synthetic compound showing competitive inhibition of the natural product) that is naturally derived or inspired substrate (Gordon M. Cragg, Paul G. Grothaus, and David J. Newman, Impact of Natural Products on Developing New Anti-Cancer Agents, Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 3012–3043)

Mode of action

Biochemistry

Lapatinib inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity associated with two oncogenes, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and HER2/neu (Human EGFR type 2).[8] Over expression of HER2/neu can be responsible for certain types of high-risk breast cancers in women.[2] Like sorafenib, lapatinib is a protein kinase inhibitor shown to decrease tumor-causing breast cancer stem cells. [9] Lapatinib inhibits receptor signal processes by binding to the ATP-binding pocket of the EGFR/HER2 protein kinase domain, preventing self-phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the signal mechanism (see Receptor tyrosine kinase#Signal transduction).[10]

Clinical application

Breast cancer

Lapatinib is used as a treatment for women's breast cancer in treatment naive, ER+/EGFR+/HER2+ breast cancer patients(now often called "triple positive") and in patients who have HER2-positive advanced breast cancer that has progressed after previous treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as anthracycline, taxane-derived drugs, or trastuzumab (Herceptin, Genentech).

A 2006 GSK-supported randomized clinical trial on female breast cancer previously being treated with those agents (anthracycline, a taxane and trastuzumab) demonstrated that administrating lapatinib in combination with capecitabine delayed the time of further cancer growth compared to regimens that use capecitabine alone. The study also reported that risk of disease progression was reduced by 51%, and that the combination therapy was not associated with increases in toxic side effects.[11] The outcome of this study resulted in a somewhat complex and rather specific initial indication for lapatinib—use only in combination with capecitabine for HER2-positive breast cancer in women whose cancer have progressed following previous chemotherapy with anthracycline, taxanes and trastuzumab.

Adverse effects

Like many small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, lapatinib is regarded as well tolerated. The most common side effects reported are diarrhea, fatigue, nausea and rashes.[2][12] In clinical studies elevated liver enzymes have been reported. QT-prolongation has been observed with the use of lapatinib ditosylate but there are no reports of Torsades de Pointes. Caution is advised in patients with hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, congenital long QT syndrome, or with co-administration of medicines known to cause QT-prolongation. In combination with capecitabine, reversible decreased left ventricular function are common (2%).[13]

Ongoing trials in gastric cancer

Phase III study designed to assess Tykerb/Tyverb (lapatinib) in combination with chemotherapy for advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer in 2013 failed to meet the primary endpoint of improved overall survival (OS) against chemotherapy alone. The trial did not discover new safety signals, while the median OS for patients in the lapatinib and chemotherapy group was 12.2 months against 10.5 months for patients in the placebo plus chemotherapy. Secondary endpoints of the randomized, double-blinded study, were progression-free survival (PFS), response rate and duration of response. Median PFS was 6.0 months, response rate was 53% and the duration of response was 7.3 months in the investigational combination chemotherapy group compared to median PFS of 5.4 months, response rate of 39% and duration of response of 5.6 months for patients in chemotherapy alone group. Diarrhoea, vomiting, anemia, dehydration and nausea were serious adverse events (SAE) reported in over 2% of patients in the investigational combination chemotherapy group, while vomiting was the most common SAE noted in the chemotherapy group.

[14]

References

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  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ NCI Cancer Drug Information. FDA Approval for Lapatinib Ditosylate (Tykerb®). Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  14. ↑ |url=http://www.bioportfolio.com/news/article/1492867/GSK-Tykerb-Tyverb-Phase-III-gastric-cancer-study-fails-to-meet-primary.html

External links

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