Chamonix

Chamonix Valley
The Chamonix valley seen from la Flégère
Coat of arms
Chamonix Valley
Location within Rhône-Alpes region Chamonix Valley
Coordinates:
Country	France
Region	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Department	Haute-Savoie
Arrondissement	Bonneville
Canton	Chamonix-M ont-Blanc
Intercommunality	Pays du Mont-Blanc
Government
• Mayor (2008–14)	Éric Fournier
Area1	245.46 km2 (94.77 sq mi)
Population (2006)2	9,514
• Density	39/km2 (100/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code	74056 / 74400
Elevation	995–4,810 m (3,264–15,781 ft) (avg. 1,035 m or 3,396 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, more commonly known simply as Chamonix (formerly also spelled Chamounix), is a commune in the Haute-Savoie département in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It was the site of the first Winter Olympics in 1924. The commune's population of around 9,800 ranks 865th within the country of France.

Situated near the massive peaks of the Aiguilles Rouges and most notably the Aiguille du Midi, Chamonix is one of the oldest ski resorts in France and is known as the "gateway to the European Cascades." The north side of the summit of Mont Blanc, and therefore the summit itself are part of the village of Chamonix. To the south side, the situation is different depending on the country. Italy considers that the border passes through the top. France considers that the boundary runs along the rocky Tournette under the summit cap, placing it entirely in French territory. The south side was in France, assigned to the commune of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains sharing the summit with its neighbor Chamonix. It is this situation "for France," which is found on the French IGN maps. The Chamonix commune is well known and loved by skiers and mountain enthusiasts of all types, and via the cable car lift to the Aiguille du Midi it is possible to access the world famous off-piste skirun of the Vallée Blanche. With an area of 245 km² (95 sq mi), Chamonix is the fourth largest commune in mainland France.

History

Horace-Benedict de Saussure and Jacques Balmat (left) points towards the summit of Mont Blanc, Monument at Chamonix.

The valley was first mentioned in 1091, when it was granted by the Count of the Genevois to the great Benedictine house of St. Michel de la Cluse, near Turin, which by the early 13th century had established a priory there. However, in 1786 the inhabitants bought their freedom from the canons of Sallanches, to whom the priory had been transferred in 1519.

In 1530, the inhabitants obtained from the Count of the Genevois the privilege of holding two fairs a year, while the valley was often visited by the civil officials and by the bishops of Geneva (first recorded visit in 1411, while St. Francis de Sales came there in 1606). But travellers for pleasure were very rare.

Chamonix Valley: crossing the glacier on foot (between 1902 and 1904)

The first party to publish (1744) an account of their visit was that of Dr. Richard Pococke, Mr. William Windham and others, such as the Englishmen who visited the Mer de Glace in 1741. In 1742 came P. Martel and several other Genevese, in 1760 H.B. de Saussure, and rather later Marc Th. Bourrit.

The growth of tourism in the early 19th century led to the formation of the Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix in 1821, to regulate access to the mountain slopes (which were communally or co-operatively owned), and this association held a monopoly of guiding from the town until it was broken by French government action in 1892; thereafter guides were required to hold a diploma issued by a commission dominated by civil servants and members of the French Alpine Club rather than local residents.

From the late 19th century on, tourist development was dominated by national and international initiatives rather than local entrepreneurs, though the local community was increasingly dependent upon and active in the tourist industry.

The commune successfully lobbied to change its name from Chamonix to Chamonix-Mont-Blanc in 1916. However, following the loss of its monopoly, the Compagnie reformed as an association of local guides, and retained an important role in local society; it provided the services of a friendly society to its members, and in the 20th century many of them were noted mountaineers and popularisers of mountain tourism, for example the novelist Roger Frison-Roche, the first member of the Compagnie not to be born in Chamonix.

The holding of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 further raised Chamonix's profile as an international tourist destination.

By the 1960s, agriculture had been reduced to a marginal activity, while the number of tourist beds available rose to around 60,000 by the end of the 20th century, with about 5 million visitors a year.

Geography

Settlements

The commune of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc includes 16 villages and hamlets. From north to south: Le Tour 1,462 m (4,797 ft), Montroc, Le Planet, Argentière 1,252 m (4,108 ft), Les Chosalets, Le Lavancher, Les Tines, Les Bois, Les-Praz-de-Chamonix 1,060 m (3,478 ft), Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, Les Pècles, Les Mouilles, Les Barrats, Les Pélerins, Les Gaillands, and Les Bossons 1,012 m (3,320 ft).

Climate

Chamonix has a humid continental climate (Dfb, according to the Köppen climate classification), with an average annual precipitation of 1,275 mm (50 in). Summers are mild and winters are cold and snowy.

Climate data for Chamonix (1981-2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	2.6 (36.7)	4.8 (40.6)	9.0 (48.2)	12.7 (54.9)	17.6 (63.7)	21.2 (70.2)	23.9 (75)	23.1 (73.6)	19.1 (66.4)	14.7 (58.5)	7.4 (45.3)	2.6 (36.7)	13.23 (55.82)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−2.3 (27.9)	−0.8 (30.6)	3.0 (37.4)	6.6 (43.9)	11.2 (52.2)	14.4 (57.9)	16.5 (61.7)	15.9 (60.6)	12.5 (54.5)	8.6 (47.5)	2.7 (36.9)	−1.6 (29.1)	7.23 (45.02)
Average low °C (°F)	−7.2 (19)	−6.4 (20.5)	−3.0 (26.6)	0.4 (32.7)	4.8 (40.6)	7.5 (45.5)	9.1 (48.4)	8.6 (47.5)	6.0 (42.8)	2.5 (36.5)	−2.1 (28.2)	−5.7 (21.7)	1.21 (34.17)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	93.8 (3.693)	85.7 (3.374)	85.7 (3.374)	89.5 (3.524)	120.5 (4.744)	130.4 (5.134)	115.5 (4.547)	125.0 (4.921)	102.3 (4.028)	116.8 (4.598)	100.6 (3.961)	109.1 (4.295)	1,274.9 (50.193)
Source: meteo-climat-bzh

Demography

Population Change (See database)

1793	1800	1806	1821	1836	1846	1856	1861	1866
1,830	1,925	1,949	2,232	2,528	2,304	2,308	2,304	2,415

1872	1876	1881	1886	1891	1896	1901	1906	1911
2,455	2,406	2,420	2,450	2,447	2,435	2,729	3,482	3,109

1921	1926	1931	1936	1946	1954	1962	1968	1975
3,040	3,811	4,446	4,633	5,883	5,699	7,213	7,745	8,393

1982	1990	1999	2006	2008	-	-	-	-
8,746	9,701	9,829	9,195	9,042	-	-	-	-

Sources : Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006) ·

Population Over Time

0	1800   1820   1840   1860   1880   1900   1920   1940   1960   1980   2000
Sources - database Cassini of EHESS and Insee See database

Mountain sports

Chamonix is a winter sports resort town. As the highest European mountain west of Russia, Mont Blanc attracts mountain climbers. There is a cable car up to the 3,842 m (12,605 ft) Aiguille du Midi. Constructed in 1955, it was then the highest cable car in the world.

Transportation

Roads

The town of Chamonix is served by French Route Nationale 205 (RN 205), nicknamed the Route blanche, or "white route", due to its snowiness. This is an extension of French autoroute 40 (A40), similarly nicknamed the autoroute blanche, which ends at Le Fayet, a village in the commune of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains. The 11.6-km Mont Blanc Tunnel originates here, linking Chamonix to Courmayeur in Italy. Chamonix is linked to Switzerland by what used to be RN 506a. In 2006, it was converted to a Route Départementale 1506, with a part of it integrated into RN 205. The nearest airport to Chamonix is Geneva Cointrin International and it is 88 kilometres (55 miles) in distance.

Rail

Chamonix is served by the metre-gauge St Gervais-Vallorcine Line, operated by SNCF. The line from Saint Gervais (on the standard-gauge rail network) to Chamonix opened in 1901; it was extended to Vallorcine in 1908. The line holds the record for the steepest gradient on any standard (i.e. adhesion) railway.

From Vallorcine, the rail route continues over the border into Switzerland, meeting the SBB network at Martigny. This latter section, a metre-gauge cog railway, is operated by Transports de Martigny et Régions SA. The train service from Vallorcine to Martigny is known as the Mont Blanc Express. Timetables on the St Gervais-Vallorcine and Vallorcine-Martigny sections are synchronized.

The 5.1-km Montenvers Railway is a cog railway that provides access to the tourist site of Montenvers. Opened in 1909, its rail station was built next to SNCF's Chamonix station on the St Gervais-Vallorcine Line. In fact the two stations are directly linked. Montenvers provides further tourist access to middle and high mountain areas.

Cable cars

Chamonix has one of the highest cable cars in the world, which links the town to the summit of the Aiguille du Midi at 3842 m. It is based on an older system built in 1920, rebuilt in the first half of the 1950s over five summer seasons, fully modernized in 1979, and upgraded again in 2008. On the other side of the valley, another cable car links Chamonix to the viewpoint of Planpraz. A second line links Planpraz to the summit of Le Brévent at 2525 m. Many other cable cars exist in the valley, and are heavily used by skiers and residents. The Plan Joran chairlift at the base of Les Grands Montets is due to be replaced by a 10-person gondola for the Winter 2014/15 season.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns — Sister cities

Chamonix is twinned with:

Aosta, Italy Aspen (Colorado) Cilaos (La Reunion) Courmayeur (Italy)

Davos (Switzerland) Fujiyoshida (at the foot of Mount Fuji in Japan) Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany)

See also

• Communes of the Haute-Savoie department
• Mer de Glace
• Mont Blanc Massif
• Montroc
• The Haute Route from Chamonix to Zermatt

Panorama of the Chamonix valley

External links

• Official site of the city of Chamonix Mont-Blanc