Cornelis Tromp

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Cornelis Tromp
Cornelis Tromp 1629-91 by Peter Lely.jpg
Tromp by Peter Lely
Birth name Cornelis Maartenszoon Tromp
Born (1629-09-03)3 September 1629
Rotterdam, Dutch Republic
Died Error: Need valid death date (first date): year, month, day
Amsterdam, Dutch Republic
Buried
Oude Kerk, Delft
Allegiance
Branch
Service years 1643–1691
Rank Lieutenant-admiral general[lower-alpha 1]
Wars
Awards Order of the Elephant
Relations Maarten Tromp (father)

Cornelis Maartenszoon Tromp (3 September 1629 – 29 May 1691) was a Dutch naval officer who served as lieutenant-admiral general in the Dutch Navy, and briefly as a general admiral in the Royal Danish Navy. Tromp fought in the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Scanian War. His father was Lieutenant Admiral Maarten Tromp.

Biography

Early life

Cornelis Maartenszoon Tromp was born on 9 September 1629,[1] in Rotterdam,[2] in the historically dominant county of Holland. He was the second son of Maarten Tromp and Dina Cornelisdochter de Haas. His name Maartenszoon, sometimes abbreviated to Maartensz, is a patronymic. He had two full brothers, Harper and Johan.[3]

In 1633, when he was only four years old, his mother died. His father remarried in 1634, and again in 1640. The two marriages brought Tromp four half brothers and five half sisters.[4] His father had made career as an officer for the Admiralty of the Maze. After a conflict with Lieutenant Admiral Philips van Dorp in 1634, Maarten Tromp left the fleet starting to work as a deacon.[5] After Van Dorp was removed from his position[4] in 1637, his father became lieutenant admiral and supreme commander of the Dutch Navy.

In 1642, Tromp was sent to Harfleur, France, to learn to speak French from a Calvinist preacher.[6]

Early navy career

The battle of Leghorn in 1653
File:Tromp Print dli 0613700088.jpg
327x327px

On 1 September 1643, he joined his father on his flagship the Aemilia.[7] In September 1645, he was appointed as lieutenant and commanded a small squadron charged to pursue the Barbary pirates.[8] On 22 August 1649, he was made a full captain. He served in the First Anglo-Dutch War, fighting in the battle of Leghorn, but was not given command of the Mediterranean fleet after the death of Johan van Galen, only being promoted to rear admiral with the Admiralty of de Maze on 11 November 1653, after the death of his beloved father Maarten.

In 1656, he participated in the relief of Gdańsk. In 1658, it was discovered he had used his ships to trade in luxury goods; as a result he was fined and not allowed to have an active command until 1662. Just before the Second Anglo-Dutch War, he was promoted to vice admiral on 29 January 1665; at the battle of Lowestoft, he prevented total catastrophe by taking over fleet command to allow the escape of the larger part of the fleet.[9]

Lieutenant admiral

The battle of Texel in 1673

Gaining sudden popularity, he was temporarily given supreme command as lieutenant admiral of the confederate fleet on 23 July 1665, but had to give up this function (but not rank) the next month in favour of Lieutenant Admiral Michiel de Ruyter; he fought, having been transferred to the Admiralty of Amsterdam on 6 February 1666, under the latter in the Four Days Battle and the St. James's Day Battle.

As this failure off Nieuwpoort in August 1666 was imputed to him by De Ruyter, he was dismissed, at the same time, being under the suspicion of plotting to overthrow the government, but he was reinstated in April 1673 by William of Orange,[8] after the Orangists seized power, to fight against the French and English navies in the Third Anglo-Dutch War. There he participated in the last three fleet actions under Lieutenant-Admiral-General Michiel de Ruyter, distinguishing himself in the double battle of Schooneveld and the battle of Texel in August 1673, fighting out an epic duel with his personal enemy Edward Spragge, who drowned. During this war, his flagship was the Gouden Leeuw, of 82 cannons.

He was closely involved in the murder of Johan de Witt and Cornelis de Witt in 1672.[10] In 1675, he visited England and was created an English baronet and a Dutch erfridder by Charles II of England, but he refused an honorary doctorate when visiting Oxford.

Danish Navy and Scanian War

On 8 May 1676, he became admiral general of the Danish Navy and Knight in the Order of the Elephant; in 1677, Count of Sølvesborg – then a Danish nobility title.[citation needed] He defeated the Swedish navy in the Battle of Öland, his only victory as a fleet commander.[11] Tromp led the successful landing at Ystad in Scania in June 1677, where there was a minor but still notable fighting before the Swedes withdrew and left the city in Danish hands. Tromp summoned all the local noblemen of Danish origin to his presence in order to promise they would stay still on their estates and not cause any trouble. He then took a two-week holiday at Baron Jörgen Krabbe's Castle Krogholm (now Krageholm), just north of Ystad.[12] During this period Tromp also licensed the local Danish bailiffs to recruit as many males as possible for the local Danish militias and sheriffs' teams. Tromp is mentioned in the local court registers for having licensed a Sheriff by the name of Bendix Clausen to recruit men in six different districts (hundreds) and there was some fierce fighting between these troops and the Swedes. Clausen and his men were branded as criminal 'snapphanar' by the Swedes. For that reason Tromp also played a role for the snapphanar, who were in essence the local resistance and Danish para-military troops.

Lieutenant-admiral general

On 6 February 1679, he became lieutenant-admiral general of the Republic[13] but never fought in that capacity, having become a liability to the new regime of William III. He died in Amsterdam in 1691,[14] his mind broken by alcohol abuse and remorse, still officially commander of the Dutch fleet, after having been for a period replaced by Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest.

Character

Tromp at a later age, painted by David van der Plas
File:Trompenburgh.jpg
Trompenburgh

Tromp was a very aggressive squadron commander who personally relished the fight, preferring the direct attack having the weather gage over line-of-battle tactics. As a result, he had to change ships often: four times at the Four Days' Battle, three times at Schooneveld and two times at Texel.[15] He was popular with his crews, despite the danger he put them in, because of his easy-going manners and his supporting the cause of the House of Orange against the States regime of Johan de Witt. However, he often treated his fellow officers with contempt, both his equals and superiors.

Tromp is infamous for his insubordination,[16] although the two examples most often mentioned in this context, not following De Ruyter on the second day of the Four Days' Battle and chasing the English rear in the St James's Day Fight, seem to have been honest mistakes. He was very jealous of De Ruyter but generally treated him with respect, though he considered him too common. Tromp tried to imitate the lifestyle of the nobility, marrying a rich elderly widow, Margaretha van Raephorst, in 1667. He had no children. At home, without fighting to distract him, Cornelis, or Kees as he was normally called, grew quickly bored and indolent. He had the reputation of being a heavy drinker, so much so that many inns at the time were named after him.[17]

Tromp was a vain man, having an extremely high opinion of himself, which he never hesitated in sharing with others. He felt that, son of a famous father, he had a natural right to the position of naval hero. During his life he posed as a sitter for at least 22 paintings, a record for the 17th century, many by top artists such as Ferdinand Bol. His art possessions were displayed in his estate, that long after his death was called 'Trompenburgh', the manor house built in the form of a warship.[18]

As his wider family was among the most fanatical supporters of Orange, he participated in most of their schemes, especially those of his brother-in-law Johan Kievit, a shrewd and unscrupulous intriguer. Tromp however had no great enthusiasm for subtle plotting; later in life he came to regret many of his actions. He died in great mental anguish, convinced he would go to hell as punishment for his crimes.

Legacy

The Dutch Ministry of Defence names Maarten Tromp and Cornelis Tromp as naval heroes. Since 1777, nine navy ships have been named Tromp in honour of them, most recently the frigate HNLMS Tromp.[19]

References

Notes

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Cite error: Invalid <references> tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.

Use <references />, or <references group="..." />

Footnotes

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Cite error: Invalid <references> tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.

Use <references />, or <references group="..." />

Sources

  •  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Baronetage of England
New creation Baronet
(of Holland)
1675–1691		 Extinct

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found, or a closing </ref> is missing

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "In lang". Tromp, Cornelis' in Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 5. Retrieved on 2009-05-05.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Script error: No such module "In lang". 'Tromp, Maarten Harpertszoon' in Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 5. Retrieved on 2009-05-05.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Chisholm 1911.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "In lang".Schittering en schandaal, Biografie van Maerten en Cornelis Tromp., p.. 306–307.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Aletophilus (Olluf Rosencrantz?), En sandfärdig REPLIQUE imod Den falske Deduction, som underfundligen er sammenspunden til at bemandtle den Morderiske oc Tragoediske Action Som Gen.Leutenant oc Vice-Gouverneur i Mallmöe Baron Jörgen Sperling Sammesteds lod anrette offver Den Höyädle oc Velb: Herre Baron Sl. Jörgen Krabbe Den 16.Januari 1678 (A truthful REPLIQUE against the false Deduction that has been made up in order to cover the Murderous and Tragic Process through which General and Vice-governour Baron Jörgen Sperling condemned the Noble and Honourable Baron Jörgen Krabbe on the 16th January 1678...), Copenhagen 1678.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "In lang". Hr. Ms. Tromp. Naam & embleem Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Royal Netherlands Navy. Retrieved on 2009-05-05.
Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Tromp&oldid=726266971"