Duncan MacDougall (doctor)
| Duncan MacDougall | |
|---|---|
| Born | c.1866 |
| Died | October 15, 1920 (aged 54) |
| Residence | Haverhill, Massachusetts, USA |
| Citizenship | American |
| Nationality | American |
| Fields | Biology |
| Known for | Attempting to determine the mass of a soul |
Dr. Duncan "Om" MacDougall (c. 1866 – October 15, 1920) was an early 20th-century physician in Haverhill, Massachusetts who sought to measure the mass lost by a human when the soul departed the body at death. MacDougall attempted to measure the mass change of six patients at the moment of death. His first subject, the results from which MacDougall felt were most accurate, lost "three-fourths of an ounce", which has since been popularized as "21 grams".[1]
Contents
Ideas about the 'soul'
In 1901, MacDougall weighed six patients while they were in the process of dying from tuberculosis in an old age home. It was relatively easy to determine when death was only a few hours away, at which point the entire bed was placed on an industrial sized scale which was reported to be sensitive to "two-tenths of an ounce". He took his results (a varying amount of unaccounted for mass loss in four of the six cases) to support his hypothesis that the 'soul' had mass, and when the 'soul' departed the body, so did this mass. The determination of the 'soul' weighing 21 grams was based on the loss of mass in the first subject at the moment of death.
MacDougall later measured fifteen dogs in similar circumstances and reported the results as "uniformly negative," with no perceived change in mass. He took these results as confirmation that the 'soul' had weight, and that dogs did not have 'souls'. MacDougall's complaints about not being able to find dogs dying of the natural causes that would have been ideal led one author to conjecture that he was in fact sacrificing the experimental animals, as is standard practice in scientific experiments.[2] On March 10, 1907, before MacDougall was able to publish the results of his experiments, New York Times broke the story in an article titled "Soul has Weight, Physician Thinks". MacDougall's results were published in April of the same year in the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research and the medical journal American Medicine.
Reception
Researchers have revealed that MacDougall's experimental results were flawed, due to the limitations of the available equipment at the time, a lack of sufficient control over the experimental conditions, and the small sample size.
According to the psychologist Richard Wiseman:
When MacDougall’s findings were published in the New York Times in 1907 fellow physician Augustus P. Clarke had a field day. Clarke noted that at the time of death there is a sudden rise in body temperature due to the lungs no longer cooling the blood, and the subsequent rise in sweating could easily account for MacDougall’s missing 21 grams. Clarke also pointed out that dogs do not have sweat glands (thus the endless panting) and so it is not surprising that their weight did not undergo a rapid change when they died.[3]
Science writer Karl Kruszelnicki has noted that out of MacDougall's six patients only one had lost weight at the moment of death. Two of the patients were excluded from the results due to "technical difficulties", a patient lost weight but then put the weight back on and two of the other patients registered a loss of weight at death but a few minutes later lost even more weight. MacDougall did not use the six results, just the one that supported his hypothesis. According to Kruszelnicki this was a case of selective reporting as MacDougall had ignored five of the results.[1]
The physicist Robert L. Park has written MacDougall's experiments "are not regarded today as having any scientific merit" and the psychologist Bruce Hood wrote that "because the weight loss was not reliable or replicable, his findings were unscientific."[4][5]
In popular culture
- MacDougall's experiments are mentioned and reenacted in the 1978 film Beyond and Back.
- A fictional American scientist named "Mr. MacDougall" appears as a character in Gail Carriger's steampunk adventure novel Soulless, as an expert in the weight and measurement of souls.
- MacDougall and his experiment were a subject in a 2011 episode of Science Channel's Dark Matters: Twisted But True.
- The idea from these experiments show up in the Dan Brown novel The Lost Symbol.
- 21 Grams is a 2003 American drama film which references the notion that the human soul has mass, more specifically that it weighs twenty-one grams.
- MacDougall's experiment was mentioned in the comic series "The Unknown". Two characters are presumed to have tried to replicate the experiment with much more high-tech equipment.
- The closing proverb of episode 26 of the podcast Welcome to Night Vale contains the phrase "The human soul weighs 21 grams", in reference to MacDougall's research.
- The song "21 grams" by Niykee Heaton refers to the concept that the soul weighs 21 grams in the phrase "i just want your soul in my hands, feel your weight of 21 grams."
- The manga Gantz by Hiroya Oku makes reference to the 21 grams containing the information of the soul in the final arc of the series.
- The song "21 Grams" by Looptroop rap group contains the phrase '21 grams of soul that each man must hold.' which probably refers to McDougall's experiment as well.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kruszelnicki, Karl. (2006). Great Mythconceptions: The Science Behind the Myths. Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 200-202. ISBN 978-0-7407-5364-0
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Wiseman, Richard. (2011). Paranormality: Why We see What Isn't There. Macmillan. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-230-75298-6
- ↑ Park, Robert L. (2009). Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science. Princeton University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-691-13355-3
- ↑ Hood, Bruce. (2009). Supersense: From Superstition to Religion - The Brain Science of Belief. Constable. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-84901-030-6
Further reading
- MacDougall, Duncan. (1907). The Soul: Hypothesis Concerning Soul Substance Together with Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Such Substance. American Medicine. New Series 2: 240-243. It's not true.
External links
- Summary of MacDougall's research at Snopes.com
- Full text Dr. Duncan MacDougall “Hypothesis Concerning Soul Substance, Together with Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Such Substance” , Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, May 1907
- Original article, Full Text, as above, another source, easier to read formatting.
- NYT archives of newspaper article from March 11th 1907
- Related paper by Lewiss E. Hollander, Jr. showing transient weight increase at time of death for sheep.
- Weight fluctuations of memories upon erasure or writing, research website at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University
