E-diesel

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E-diesel is the name of synthetic diesel created by Audi to be used in automobiles. Currently, an e-diesel variant is created by Audi research facility in partnership with a company named Sunfire. The fuel is created from carbon dioxide, water, and electricity with a process powered by renewable energy sources to create a liquid energy carrier called blue crude (in contrast to regular crude oil) which is then refined to generate e-diesel. E-diesel is considered to be a carbon-neutral fuel as it does not extract new carbon and the energy sources to drive the process are from carbon-neutral sources. As of April 2015, an Audi A8 driven by Federal Minister of Education and Research in Germany is using the e-diesel fuel.[1][2]

Catalytic conversions

Sunfire, a clean technology company, operates a pilot plant in Dresden, Germany. The current process involves high-temperature electrolysis powered by electricity generated from renewable energy sources to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The next two chemical processes to create a liquid energy carrier called blue crude are done at a temperature of 220 °C (428 °F) and a pressure of 25 bars (2,500 kPa). In a conversion step, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are used to create syngas with water as byproduct. The syngas, which contains carbon monoxide and hydrogen, reacts to generate the blue crude.

  • Sunfire power-to-liquids system: Base products are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)[3]
1st step: Electrolysis of Water (SOEC) −water is split into hydrogen and oxygen.
2nd step: Conversion Reactor (RWGSR) −hydrogen and carbon dioxide are inputs to the Conversion Reactor that outputs hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and water.
3rd step: F-T Reactor −hydrogen and carbon monoxide are inputs[4][5] to the F-T Reactor that outputs paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons, ranging from methane to high molecular weight waxes.[6]

The final step is also known as Fischer–Tropsch process which was first developed in 1925 by German chemists Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch. After the blue crude is produced, it can be refined to create e-diesel on site, saving the fuel and other infrastructure costs on crude transportation.[7][8] As of April 2015, Sunfire has a capability to produce a limited amount of fuel at 160 litres (35 imp gal; 42 US gal) a day. There is a plan to increase the production to an industrial scale.[9]

Audi also partners with a company named Climeworks which manufactures carbon dioxide capturing machines. Climeworks technologies can absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide which is chemically captured at the surface of a sorbent until it becomes saturated. At that point, the sorbent is introduced with 95 °C (203 °F) heat in a desorption cycle to drive out the high-purity carbon dioxide that can be used during the conversion step of the blue crude generation process. The atmospheric carbon dioxide capturing process has 90% of energy demand in the form of low-temperature heat and the rest from electrical energy for pumping and control. The combined plant of Climeworks and Sunfire in Dresden became operational in November 2014.[7]

Properties

As much as eighty percent of blue crude can be converted into e-diesel. The fuel contains no sulfur or aromatics, and has a high cetane number. These properties allow it to be blended with typical fossil diesel and used as a replacement fuel in automobiles with diesel engines.[7]

Oxygen By-product

In future designs,[10][11] the oxygen by-product may be combined with renewable natural gas[12] in the oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene:[13][14]

2CH
4 + O
2 → C
2H
4 + 2H
2O

The reaction is exothermic (∆H = -280 kJ/mol) and occurs at high temperatures (750–950 ˚C).[15] The yield of the desired C
2 products is reduced by non-selective reactions of methyl radicals with the reactor surface and oxygen, which produces carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide by-products. Another ethylene production initiative developed by the European Commission through the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development is the OCMOL process, which is the Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) and simultaneous Reforming of Methane (RM) in a fully integrated reactor.[16]

Biocatalytic conversions

Helioculture combines brackish water (or graywater), nutrients, photosynthetic organisms, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to create fuel.

Audi also partners with a United States company, Joule, to develop Joule's Sunflow-D as e-diesel for Audi. Joule's plant in New Mexico involves the use of genetically modified microorganisms in bright sunlight to act as a catalyst for the conversion of carbon dioxide and salty water into hydrocarbons.[7][17] The process can be modified for longer molecular chains to produce alkanes in order to create synthetic diesel.[18][19][20][21]

Joule Unlimited is the first company to patent a modified organism that continuously secretes hydrocarbon fuel. The organism is a single-celled cyanobacterium, also known as blue-green algae, although it is technically not an algae. It produces the fuel using photosynthesis, the same process that multi-cellular green plants use, to make sugars and other materials from water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight.[22]

Similar initiatives

There are other initiatives to create synthetic fuel from carbon dioxide and water. However, they are not part of Audi's initiatives and the fuels are not called e-diesel, and the Water splitting methods may vary.

The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is designing a power-to-liquids system using the Fischer-Tropsch Process to create fuel on board a ship at sea,[59] with the base products carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) being derived from sea water via "An Electrochemical Module Configuration For The Continuous Acidification Of Alkaline Water Sources And Recovery Of CO2 With Continuous Hydrogen Gas Production".[60][61]

See also

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References

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  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ The first industrial PtG plant – Audi e-gas as driver for the energy turnaround
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  14. ↑ Olah, G., Molnar, A. “Hydrocarbon Chemistry” John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003. ISBN 978-0-471-41782-8.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ OCMOL: Oxidative Coupling of Methane followed by Oligomerization to Liquids
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  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ SNL: Sunshine to Petrol - Solar Recycling of Carbon Dioxide into Hydrocarbon Fuels
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  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Onur Taylan and Halil Berberoglu (2013). Fuel Production Using Concentrated Solar Energy, Application of Solar Energy, Prof. Radu Rugescu (Ed.), ISBN 978-953-51-0969-3, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/54057. Available from: Intechopen.com
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Newsletter NewCO2Fuels, Issue 1, September 2012
  32. ↑ From challenge to opportunity New CO
    2     Fuels: An Introduction...
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  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Brewing fuels in a solar furnace
  39. ↑ Syntrolysis, Synthetic Fuels from Carbon Dioxide, Electricity and Steam
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative Overview
  43. ↑ Nuclear Hydrogen Production Technology
  44. ↑ Electrolysis For Synthetic Fuel Production
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Securing Our Energy Future by Efficiently Recycling CO2 into Transportation Fuels
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Case Study: AFS demonstrator unit
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ K.R. WILLIAMS AND N. VAN LOOKEREN CAMPAGNE, SYNTHETIC FUELS FROM ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ The total carbon content of the world's oceans is roughly 38,000 GtC. Over 95% of this carbon is in the form of dissolved bicarbonate ion (HCO3 −). (Cline 1992, The Economics of Global Warming; Institute for International Economics: Washington D.C.). The dissolved bicarbonate and carbonate of the ocean is essentially bound CO2 and the sum of these species along with gaseous CO2, shown in the following equation, represents the total carbon dioxide concentration [CO2]T, of the world's oceans. Σ[CO2]T=[CO2(g)]l+[HCO3 −]+[CO3 2−]

External links

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