Giacomo Antonelli

His Eminence Giacomo Antonelli
Cardinal Secretary of State
180px Giacomo Antonelli
See	Deacon of the Roman Curia
Appointed	29 November 1848
Installed	29 November 1848
Term ended	6 November 1876
Predecessor	Giovanni Soglia Ceroni
Successor	Giovanni Simeoni
Other posts	Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Agata dei Goti Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata Cardinal-Protodeacon
Orders
Ordination	1840 (deacon)
Created Cardinal	11 June 1847 by Pope Pius IX
Rank	Cardinal-Deacon
Personal details
Birth name	Giacomo Antonelli
Born	2 April 1806
Died	6 November 1876 (aged 70)
Denomination	Catholic
Previous post	Cardinal Secretary of State (1st time) (10 March – 3 May 1848)

Giacomo Antonelli (April 2, 1806 – November 6, 1876) was an Italian cardinal deacon. He was the Cardinal Secretary of State from 1848 until his death; he played a key role in Italian politics, resisting the unification of Italy and affecting Roman Catholic interests in European affairs. He was often called the "Italian Richelieu".

Life and work

He was born at Sonnino near Terracina and was educated for the priesthood, but, after taking minor orders, gave up the idea of becoming a priest, and chose an administrative career. Created secular prelate, he was sent as apostolic delegate to Viterbo in 1836, where he early manifested his reactionary tendencies in an attempt to stamp out Liberalism. In 1839 he was transferred to Macerata. In 1840 he was ordained a deacon. Recalled to Rome in 1841 by the conservative Pope Gregory XVI, he entered the office of the Secretariat of State, but four years later was appointed pontifical treasurer-general. Created cardinal (June 11, 1847), one of the Church's last true cardinal deacons, he was chosen by Pius IX to preside over the council of state entrusted with the drafting of a constitution for the Papal States.

On March 10, 1848, Antonelli became premier of the first constitutional ministry of Pius IX. Upon the collapse of his cabinet when liberals resigned following the publicly renounced Papal participation in the war of national liberation, 29 April 1848, Antonelli created for himself the governorship of the sacred palaces in order to retain constant access to and influence over the pope. After the assassination of Pellegrino Rossi (November 18, 1848) he arranged the flight of Pius IX to Gaeta. In that year, the Papal States were overthrown by Liberals and replaced by a Roman Republic, only to be restored to the pope in 1849 by force of French and Austrian arms, called in at Antonelli's request.

Notwithstanding promises to the powers, he restored absolute government upon returning to Rome (April 12, 1850) and broke the conditions of the surrender by wholesale imprisonment of Liberals. In 1855 he narrowly escaped assassination. As ally of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, from whom he had received an annual subsidy, he attempted, after 1860, to facilitate Ferdinand's restoration by fomenting brigandage on the Neapolitan frontier. To the overtures of Ricasoli in 1861, Pius IX, at Antonelli's suggestion, replied with the famous "Non possumus," but subsequently (1867) accepted, too late, Ricasoli's proposal concerning ecclesiastical property.

After the September Convention of 1864, Antonelli organized the Legion of Antibes to replace French troops in Rome, and in 1867 secured French aid against Garibaldi's invasion of papal territory. Upon the reoccupation of Rome by the French after the battle of Mentana, 3 November 1867, Antonelli again ruled supreme, but upon the entry of the Italians in 1870 was obliged to restrict his activity to the management of foreign relations. He wrote, with papal approval, the letter requesting the Italians to occupy the Leonine City (in which the Italian government had intended to allow the pope to keep his temporal power), and obtained from the Italians payment of the Peter's pence (5,000,000 lire) remaining in the papal exchequer, as well as 50,000 scudi, the only installment of the Italian allowance (subsequently fixed by the Law of Guarantees, March 21, 1871) ever accepted by the Holy See.

At Antonelli's death the Vatican finances were found to be in disorder, with a deficit of 45,000,000 lire. His personal fortune, accumulated during office, was considerable, and was bequeathed almost entirely to members of his family. To the Church he left little and to the pope only a trifling souvenir. From 1850 until his death he interfered little in affairs of dogma and church discipline, although he addressed to the powers circulars enclosing the Syllabus of Errors (1864) and the acts of the First Vatican Council (1870).

His activity was devoted almost exclusively to the struggle between the papacy and the Italian Risorgimento. He died on 6 November 1876.

Although it did not prevent Pius IX's beatification, some observers believe that Antonelli's notoriety might be enough to prevent his canonization. Antonelli was one of the last deacons to be created a cardinal before Pope Benedict XV decreed in 1917 that all cardinals must be ordained priests.

Also

• Antonelli's twenty-nine year cardinalate is the second-longest by any cardinal who never participated in a papal conclave. (Roger Etchegaray overtook him on November 26, 2008. Etchegaray turned 80 in 2002 and thus lost the right to participate in a conclave, and so he did not participate in the 2005 conclave, which elected Pope Benedict XVI.)
• He appears in the movie Li chiamarono... briganti! (1999), interpreted by Giorgio Albertazzi.

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: 
•  
• Michael Burleigh, 2006. Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War
• David I Kertzer, 2004. Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes' Secret Plot to Capture Rome from the New Italian State (Houghton Mifflin) ISBN 978-0-618-22442-5
• Frank J. Coppa, 1990. Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and Papal Politics in European Affairs ISBN 0-7914-0184-7 The first full-length biography, based on the documents of the Secret Vatican Archives, and not previously used family papers in the Archivio di Stato, Rome.
• (Roger Aubert), "Antonelli, Giacomo," Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 3 (1961)

External links

• Catholic Hierarchy page on Giacomo Antonelli

Catholic Church titles
Previous: Juan Francisco Marco y Catalán	Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Agata dei Goti 14 June 1847 – 6 November 1876 title held in commendam from 13 March 1868 – 6 November 1876	Succeeded by Frédéric de Falloux du Coudray
Preceded by Giuseppe Ugolini	Cardinal Protodeacon 19 December 1867 – 6 November 1876	Succeeded by Prospero Caterini
	Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata 13 March 1868 – 6 November 1876
Political offices
Preceded by Giuseppe Bofondi	Cardinal Secretary of State 10 March – 3 May 1848	Succeeded by Anton Orioli
Preceded by Giovanni Soglia Ceroni	Cardinal Secretary of State 29 November 1848 – 6 November 1876	Succeeded by Giovanni Simeoni