Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)

Haplogroup L3
Possible time of origin	80,000 to 104,000 YBP OR 60,000 to 70,000 YBP
Possible place of origin	East Africa
Ancestor	L3'4
Descendants	L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd'j, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N
Defining mutations	769, 1018, 16311

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup L3 has played a pivotal role in the history of the human species. Soon after the haplogroup arose in East Africa a relatively small number of migrants carried it across the Red Sea to Arabia, inaugurating an intercontinental migration that eventually settled every major land mass on Earth except Antarctica. That small group also gave rise to every non-African haplogroup.^[5]

Origin

L3 is believed to have arisen in Eastern Africa between 84,000 to 104,000 years ago.^[1] An analysis of 369 complete African L3 sequences places the maximum of its expansion at ∼70 ka, virtually ruling out a successful exit out of Africa before 74 ka, the date of the Toba volcanic super-eruption in Sumatra.^[2] The Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor for the L3 lineage has also recently been estimated to be between 58,900 to 70,200 Years ago.^[2]

Distribution

It is most common in East Africa, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups L1 and L2 represent two thirds of mtDNAs.^[6]

L3 is sub-divided into several clades, two of which spawned the macro-haplogroups M and N from which the vast majority of non-Africans are descended.^[7] There is at least one relatively deep non-M, non-N clade of L3 outside Africa, L3f1b6, found at 1% in Asturias Spain, which diverged from African L3 lineages at least 10,000 years ago.^[8]

According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasian haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1 and L2".^[9] L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.^[10]

Distribution of L (excluding M and N)

L3a - East Africa. ^[5]
L3b'f
- L3b - West Africa.
- L3f - East Africa and the Sahel zone.
  - L3f1b6 - Asturias, Spain.^[8]
  - L3f3 - Chad Basin. Central Africa^[11]
L3c'd'j
- L3c - East Africa and Sahel Zone. Ethiopian Jews,^[5] Yemeni Jews^[5]
- L3d - Wide distribution in Africa. Among the Fulani,^[5] Chadians,^[5] Ethiopians,^[12] Akan people,^[13] Mozambique,^[12] Yemen^[12] Egyptians, Berbers^[14]
- L3j - East Africa. Sudanese.^[5]
L3e'i'k'x
- L3e - West-Central Africa. It is the most common L3 sub-clade in Bantu-speaking populations.^[15] L3e is suggested to be associated with a Central African origin and is also the most common L3 subclade amongst African Americans, Afro-Brazilians and Caribbeans^[16]
  - L3e1 - Central Africa origin and is found in Algeria, Cameroon, Angola,^[17] Mozambique, Sudanese and Kikuyu from Kenya as well as in Yemen and among the Akan people^[13]
  - L3e5 - Originated in the Chad Basin but found in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Tunisia, South Morocco and Egypt^[18]
- L3i
  - L3i1 - East Africa. Ethiopians.^[12]
  - L3i2 (former L3w) - East Africa. Ethiopians.^[12]
- L3k - North Africa. Libyans,^[5] Tunisians.^[5]
- L3x - East Africa. Ethiopian Oromos,^[12] Somalis^[19] and Egyptians^{[Note 1]}^[20]
L3h - East Africa. Ethiopians.^[12]

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[4] and subsequent published research.

Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)

L1-6
- L2-6
  - L2'3'4'6
    - L3'4'6
      - L3'4
        
        L3
        
        L3a
        
        L3b'f
        
        L3b
        
        L3b1
        
        L3b1a
        
        L3b1a1
        
        L3b1a2
        
        L3b1b
        
        L3b1b1
        
        L3b2
        
        L3f
        
        L3f1
        
        L3f1a
        
        L3f1b
        
        L3f1b1
        
        L3f1b2
        
        L3f1b2a
        
        150
        
        L3f1b3
        
        L3f1b4
        
        L3f1b4a
        
        L3f1b4a1
        
        L3f2
        
        L3f2b
        
        L3f3
        
        L3c'd'j
        
        L3c
        
        L3d
        
        L3d1-5
        
        L3d1
        
        L3d1a
        
        L3d1a1
        
        L3d1a1a
        
        L3d1b
        
        L3d1b1
        
        L3d1c
        
        L3d1d
        
        199
        
        L3d2
        
        L3d5
        
        L3d3
        
        L3d3a
        
        L3d4
        
        L3d5
        
        L3j
        
        L3e'i'k'x
        
        L3e
        
        L3e1
        
        L3e1a
        
        L3e1a1
        
        L3e1a1a
        
        152
        
        L3e1a2
        
        L3e1a3
        
        L3e1b
        
        L3e1c
        
        L3e1d
        
        L3e1e
        
        L3e2
        
        L3e2a
        
        L3e2a1
        
        L3e2a1a
        
        L3e2a1b
        
        L3e2a1b1
        
        L3e2b
        
        L3e2b1
        
        L3e2b1a
        
        L3e2b2
        
        L3e2b3
        
        L3e3'4'5
        
        L3e3'4
        
        L3e3
        
        L3e3a
        
        L3e3b
        
        L3e3b1
        
        L3e4
        
        L3e5
        
        L3i
        
        L3i1
        
        L3i1a
        
        L3i1b
        
        L3i2
        
        L3k
        
        L3x
        
        L3x1
        
        L3x2
        
        L3x2a
        
        L3x2a1
        
        L3x2a1a
        
        L3x2b
        
        L3h
        
        L3h1
        
        L3h1a
        
        L3h1a1
        
        L3h1a2
        
        L3h1a2a
        
        L3h1a2b
        
        L3h1b
        
        L3h1b1
        
        L3h1b1a
        
        L3h1b1a1
        
        L3h1b2
        
        L3h2
        
        M
        
        N

References

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Notes

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External links

General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Haplogroup L3
- Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree L3
- Spread of Haplogroup L3, from National Geographic

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↑ Wallace DC et al. (2000), Origin of haplogroup M in Ethiopia, Am J Hum Genet 67(Suppl):217^{[verification needed]}
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↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Liane Fendt et al., MtDNA diversity of Ghana: a forensic and phylogeographic view, 2011
↑ Sheet1 - PLOS Pathogens
↑ Anderson, S. 2006, Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation.
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[Note 1]

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Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)

Contents

Origin

Distribution

Distribution of L (excluding M and N)

Tree

See also

References

Notes

External links

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Haplogroup L3

Possible time of origin	80,000 to 104,000 YBP ^[1] OR 60,000 to 70,000 YBP ^[2]
Possible place of origin	East Africa^[3]
Ancestor	L3'4
Descendants	L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd'j, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N
Defining mutations	769, 1018, 16311^[4]