Hard engineering
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. In civil engineering of shorelines, hard engineering is generally defined as controlled disruption of natural processes by using man-made structures.
Effects
Hard engineering can cause unintended environmental consequences, such as new erosion and altered sedimentation - sand deposition patterns, that are detrimental to the immediate human and natural environment or along down-coast locations and habitats.
Examples
Examples of hard engineering include:
- Groynes - wooden walls that reduce longshore drift
- Seawalls - concrete barriers deflect waves.
- Rip-rap/ rock armour - Boulders piled up against the coast that absorb the energy of the waves[1]
References
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