Ionospheric reflection
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Ionospheric reflection is a bending, through a complex process involving reflection and refraction, of electromagnetic waves propagating in the ionosphere back toward the Earth.
The amount of bending depends on the extent of penetration (which is a function of frequency), the angle of incidence, polarization of the wave, and ionospheric conditions, such as the ionization density. It is negatively affected by incidents of ionospheric absorption.
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This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C".