Isopogon anethifolius

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Isopogon anethifolius
File:Isopogon anethifolius Middle Head flower.jpg
File:Ianethifolius maranoa.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
Order:
Proteales
Family:
Proteaceae
Genus:
Isopogon
Species:
I. anethifolius
Binomial name
Isopogon anethifolius
Synonyms[1]

Protea anethifolia Salisb.
Protea acufera Cav.
Isopogon virgulatus Gand.
Isopogon globosus Gand.
Isopogon confertus Gand.
Isopogon eriophorus Gand.
Atylus anethifolius (Salisb.) Kuntze

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Isopogon anethifolius, commonly known as narrow-leaved drumsticks, is a bushy shrub of the family Proteaceae that is endemic to coastal areas near Sydney, Australia and in the ranges to the immediate west. A fine-leaved shrub to 2 m (7 ft) in height, it bears yellow flower heads from September to December. It adapts readily to cultivation.

Description

File:Isopogon anethifolius Middle Head seedpod.jpg
A seedpod remaining after the flower dies

Isopogon anethifolius usually grows between 1 and 3 metres (3–7 ft) tall with an erect (upright) habit,[2] generally taller on more sheltered areas such as woodlands, and shorter in more exposed areas.[3] The stems are reddish in colour, and new growth in winter is tinged with reddish and tan tones.[4] The leaves are terete (round in cross section) and less than 1 mm in diameter. They branch once or twice in their 16 cm (6.2 in) length. The globular yellow flowerheads appear at the ends of branches in spring and early summer (September to December),[5][6] though occasionally at other times of year.[3] They are up to 4 cm (1.5 in) in diameter.[7] The individual flowers arise out of the central woodly globe in a spiral pattern,[3] and are around 1.2 cm (0.5 in) long.[4] They are straight stalkless structures that arise out of a scale on the globe, composed of a perianth tube that splits into four perianth segments, revealing a thin delicate style that is tipped with the stigma. At the ends of the four perianth segments are the anthers.[8] Arranged in a spiral pattern, the flowers open from the outer/bottom of the flowerhead inwards.[4] The round or egg-shaped, grey cones are revealed as the old flower parts fall away,[9] and are up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. The seed-bearing nuts are small—up to 4 mm across—and lined with hairs.[10] The seed weighs around 4 mg.[6]

The terete leaves readily distinguish Isopogon anethifolius from other members of the genus,[4] which have flat leaves and are greater than 1 mm across.[11] On a microscopic level, the supporting ground tissue of I. anethifolius differs from some of its genus by its irregular misshapen sclereids and contorted cell body.[12]

Taxonomy

British botanist Richard Salisbury described this species in 1796 as Protea anethifolia,[13] from a specimen collected in Port Jackson (Sydney).[14] The species name is derived from the Latin words anethum "dill" and folium "leaf", from the resemblance of its leaves to those of the herb.[5] In 1799, the Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles described Protea acufera,[15] later identified as a synonym by Salisbury and Robert Brown.[16][17]

It gained its current name in 1809 when it was redescribed as the dill-leaved isopogon (Isopogon anethifolius) by English plantsman Joseph Knight in his controversial work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae.[16][1] Robert Brown had written of the genus Isopogon but Knight had hurried out his work before Brown's. Brown's description appeared in his paper On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae in the Transactions of the Linnean Society in 1810.[9]

French botanist Michel Gandoger described four taxa that were all later synonymised with I. anethifolius. Gandoger described 212 taxa of Australian plants, almost all of which turned out to be species already described.[18]

In 1891, German botanist Otto Kuntze published Revisio generum plantarum, his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice.[19] Because Isopogon was based on Isopogon anemonifolius,[16] and that species had already been placed by Salisbury in the segregate genus Atylus in 1807,[20] Kuntze revived the latter genus on the grounds of priority, and made the new combination Atylus anethifolius.[21] However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists.[19] Ultimately, the genus Isopogon was nomenclaturally conserved over Atylus by the International Botanical Congress of 1905.[22]

As for all species in the Isopogon genus, I. anethifolius has 13 haploid chromosomes.[23]

Distribution and habitat

Isopogon anethifolius occurs in the Sydney Basin and surrounds, from Braidwood northwards to Mount Coricudgy,[2] the annual rainfall 900 to 1600 mm (35–60 in). It occurs naturally from sea level to 1200 m (4000 ft) altitude and is found on sandstone in heathland and dry sclerophyll woodland.[6] Typical trees it is associated with include the scribbly gums Eucalyptus haemastoma and E. sclerophylla and silvertop ash (E. sieberi), open forest plants such as soft geebung (Persoonia mollis), and heathland plants such as heath banksia (Banksia ericifolia) dwarf she-oak (Allocasuarina nana) and Grevillea molyneuxii.[6]

Ecology

Isopogon anethifolius resprouts from its woody base after bushfire. It is also serotinous—the seeds are held on the plant as a canopy-based seedbank and are released after fire. These then fall directly to the ground or are blown a short distance by wind.[6]

Leaf spotting is caused by the fungus Vizella. Flower buds may be damaged by weevils.[6]

Cultivation

Along with I. dawsonii, Isopogon anethifolius is the easiest member of the genus to grow in cultivation.[4] It has attractive fine foliage and red stems year-round, bright yellow flowers in spring and distinctive drumsticks afterwards. It has potential as a screening plant.[24] It prefers an acidic soil with extra water, though does not tolerate waterlogging. It grows best in part shade but tolerates full sun.[7] It is frost tolerant to −8⁰C.[25] Young plants can get leggy and respond well to pruning.[7] Fertiliser applied in spring assists growth.[24] Seeds germinate after 30 to 60 days.[7] Plants can take several years to flower from seed.[4] The species can be propagated by cutting.[7] Western Australian Isopogon species including I. cuneatus and I. latifolius have been grafted onto rootstocks of this species.[25] The flowers, cones and foliage are used in the cut-flower industry.[26]

It was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1796.[7]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 New South Wales Flora Online: Isopogon anethifolius by Harden, Gwen, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 16 February 2013
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wrigley 1991, p. 428.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Wrigley 1991, pp. 425–26.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wrigley 1991, p. 426.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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