Joof family

See also: Serer people and Timeline of Serer history

The antelope Totem of the Joof family
The totem and symbol of the Joof family is the antelope, symbolizing grace, royalty, wisdom, hard work and protection in Serer mythology.
Country	Kingdom of Baol Kingdom of Sine Kingdom of Saloum Takrur (the Serers of Tekrur through the Lamanic lineage Senegal (present-day) Gambia (former colony of Saloum) Mauritania (previously as Lamanes)
Titles	Lamane Maad Maad a Sinig Teigne Maad Saloum Bour
Founder	Lamane Jegan Joof (c. 11th century) Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof(c. 1290)
Final ruler	Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (King of Sine, 1924-69) Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof (King of Saloum, 1935-69) Lamane Njaga Dibor Ndoffene Joof (Lamane Diaga Dibor Ndofene Diouf) - Lamane of Tukar (2004)
Dissolution	1969 (last kings of Sine and Saloum), 2004 last known Lamane of Tukar
Cadet branches	The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof

Joof (English spelling in the Gambia) or Diouf (French spelling in Senegal and Mauritania) is a surname typically Serer. This surname is also spelt Juuf or Juf (in the Serer language). They are the same people. The differences in spelling is because Senegal was colonized by France, while the Gambia was colonized by Britain. Although spelt differently, they are pronounced the same way. The totem and symbol of the Joof family is the antelope, the symbol of grace, royalty, wisdom, hard work and protection in Serer mythology. The name of their clan is "Njoofene" variations: "Njuufeen" or "Njufeen" (in Serer). Members of this family had ruled over many of the pre-colonial kingdoms of Senegambia, including the Kingdom of Sine, the Kingdom of Saloum and the Kingdom of Baol. The royal princesses (Lingeers) from the Joof family were also given in marriage to the pre-colonial kings and princes of Senegambia. Some of these included the kings of Jolof, kings of Waalo, kings of Cayor and Baol (after 1549 following the Battle of Danki). From these marriages, they provided many heirs to the thrones of these kingdoms. Although usually associated with Serer royalty, the Joof family also figure prominently in Serer religious affairs.

History of the Joof family

The Wagadou period

Further information: Lamane

The Joof family is one of the old families of Senegambia. Serer oral tradition speaks of a noble called Lamane Jegan Joof, owner of a large herd of livestock and estate who was also a farmer. He migrated from Lambaye following an argument with his relative, the king of Lambaye. The dispute concerned the governance of Lambaye and over-taxation of his herd which he considered unjust. As such, he decided to head south and founded Tukar with his younger brother Ndik Joof. The tradition then went on to say that, he had a son called Sosseh Joof (Socé Diouf) who was the heir of Tukar. Some scholars have proposed that, Tukar (and many of its surrounding villages such as Njujuf, Sob, etc., which were founded by Lamane Jegan Joof making them part of his estate and colony) now a rather large village in present-day Senegal, is an ancient village and well before the Guelowar period (1335 following the alleged Battle of Troubang, many variations in spelling, including Turubang) and placed the foundation of these villages in the 11th century, if not earlier. There was in fact no "Battle of Troubang". In reporting this tradition, Henry Gravrand did not notice that this is actually a description of the 1867 (or 1865) Battle of Kansala. The Joof family had ruled Tukar for many centuries, inherited from their ancestor Lamane Jegan Joof through the Serer Lamanic custom, a rather strict custom of Serer land law and inheritance. In 2004, Lamane Njaga Dibor Ndoffene Joof (Lamane Diaga Dibor Ndofene Diouf) was the last lamane of Tukar.

In the early history of the Ghana Empire to its end, the royal princesses of the Empire married into the Serer aristocratic families, some of these included Joof family. These royal princesses belonged to the maternal clan Wagadou (Bagadou in Serer language). With the Joof paternal clan, they ruled the Kingdom of Baol and provided many kings from the patrilineage Joof (the Joof paternal dynasty of Baol). Some of these kings include Boureh Joof (Bouré Diouf), Guidiane Joof (Guidiane Diouf), Ma Joof, Jinak Dialane [probably Gnilane] Joof, Maguinak Joof, etc. These kings preceded the Guelowar period by at least two or three centuries and long before the Fall paternal dynasty of Baol and Cayor who inherited the throne around 1549 after the Battle of Danki. The general consensus is that, after the demise of the Joof paternal and Wagadou maternal dynasties of Baol with other Serer paternal dynasties who jointly ruled Baol, the Fall paternal dynasty succeeded them, hence the first Damels and Teignes (titles of the kings of Cayor and Baol, respectively) from the Fall patrilineage were of Wagadou maternal descent. They simply married into the old royal family and succeeded to the throne.

The Guelowar period

Main article: Guelowar

Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof, from The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof, King of Sine from c. 1898 to 1924.

The Guelowar period starts from 1350 during the reign of the first Guelowar king of Sine - Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali and ends in 1969 after the death of the last king of Sine and Saloum (Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof and Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof respectively).

Maysa Wali and his family (the maternal clan Guelowar) fled Kaabu in 1335 after the Battle of Troubang. They were defeated by the Ñaanco maternal dynasty of Kaabu (their extended relatives) and were granted asylum in the Kingdom of Sine by a Serer noble Council called The Great Council of Lamanes. Having served as legal advisor to this noble Council for 15 years, Maysa Wali managed to win the confidence and trust of the Council and the common people. He was nominated and elected by the Council and the people as king of Sine. He was the first Guelowar king of Sine. He gave his sisters in marriage to the Serer nobility which sealed the union between Serer and Guelowar. It was the offsprings of these marriages between the old Serer paternal noble clans and the Guelowar maternal clan of Kaabu that ruled the kingdom of Sine and later Saloum. In this Guelowar period, the Joof family (one of the oldest Serer paternal noble clans) provided many kings in the Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum (the Joof paternal dynasty of Sine and Saloum). The Joof family also founded three royal houses as follows (in the order of foundation) :

• The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof (also known as Keur Bouré Gnilane)
• The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof (also known as Keur Diogo Siga)
• The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof (also known as Keur Semou Djiké or Keur Semou Ndiké)

They all trace their descent to Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof (also known as Bour Ndaah Ndiémé Diouf or Ndaah Njeeme Juuf) - the king of Laah (or Laa) in Baol, around the 13th century. Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof was the father of Maad Niokhobai Joof (also king of Laa) who was the father of the Great Maad Patar Kolleh Joof (also: Bour or Buur Patar Kholé Diouf or Bour Patar Kholleh Diouf) - the conqueror of Baol. Maad Patar Kolleh Joof was the first of the Joof family to marry a Guelowar (Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali's niece). From that marriage he had Maad a Sinig Niokhobai Mane Nyan Joof (Niokhobaye Mane Niane Diouf) and Maad a Sinig Gejopal Mane Nyan Joof (Guédiopal Niane Mane Diouf), who were the first kings of Sine during the Guelowar period from the patrilineage Joof. Their brother Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof (Diaraf Bouré Gnilane Diouf) was not a king of Sine, but a Jaraff (equivalent of Prime Minister), who gave his name to the first Royal House of the Joof Dynasty (in the Guelowar period) and it is from that "The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof" derived from, which provided several kings in Sine and Saloum. The Joof Dynasty that succeeded to the throne of Saloum came from Sine.

Historic battles involving this family

This table lists some of the historic battles of Senegambia involving the kings or princes belonging to this family :

The Junjung: the Serer war drum of Sine (19th century)

Name of the battle	Member of the clan	Opponent	Reason for the battle	Victor
The Battle of Nganiane	Maad Patar Kholleh Joof (The Conqueror)	Teigne of Baol (King of Baol)	Empire building	Maad Patar Kholleh Joof
The Battle of Diakhao	Maad a Sinig Jogo Gnilane Joof	Mamadou Koungo (of Koungheul)	Religion	Maad a Sinig Jogo Gnilane Joof
The Battle of Mbellondiaré	Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof (assisting the Damel of Cayor)	Teigne of Baol	Dynastic war between the Damel of Cayor (king of Cayor) and Teigne of Baol	Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof and the Damel of Cayor
The Battle of Sanghaie	Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof	Teigne of Baol	Empire building	Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof
The Battle of Gagnane	Maad a Sinig Jogoy Gnilane Joof	Damel-Teigne Lat Soukabe Ngoneh Jaay Fall	Empire building	Damel-Teigne Lat Soukabe Ngoneh Jaay Fall
The Battle of Ndoffène	The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof (The warlord)	Maad a Sinig Njaak Faye	The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof was fighting for the succession of his young son Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof	The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof
The Battle of Tioupane	The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof	Maad a Sinig Ama Kumba Mbodj and his younger brother Barka Mbodj	The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof was fighting for the succession of his young son Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof	The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof
The Battle of Logandème	Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof	Louis Faidherbe (French governor of Senegal) Émile Pinet-Laprade	Resistance against French colonialism	France
The Surprise of Mbin o Ngor (This was not an open battle but a surprise attack, also known as Mbeetan Keur Ngor).	Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof	Maba Diakhou Bâ, Damel-Teigne Lat Jor Ngoneh Latir Jobe and their Marabout armies	Religion, vendetta and empire building	Indecisive. The marabout army withdrew when reinforcement finally arrived, but caused severe damage before retreating.
The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (also known as The Battle of Somb)	Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof	Maba Diakhou Bâ, Damel-Teigne Lat Jor Ngoneh Latir Jobe and their Marabout armies	Religion, vendetta and empire building	Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof

Genealogy

A short genealogy showing the descendants of Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof.

Descendants of Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof

                                                         Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof
                                                     (king of Laa, Baol, c. 1290)
                                                                 │
                                                         Maad Niokhobai Joof
                                                         (king of Laa, Baol)
                                                                 │
                       __________________________________________│
                      │
        Maad Patar Kholleh Joof (The Conqueror)             =   ?       =              Lingeer Mane Nyan
        (king of Laa (Baol) and Teigne of Baol)             │  (1)      │ (daughter of Sine o Mev Manneh (Guelowar)
                                                            │           │                  (2)
                                                            │           │_____________________________________________
                                                            │                                                        │
                                                 Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof                                          │
                                                 (Jaraff and prince of Sine)                                         │
                                                                                                                     │
                                            _________________________________________________________________________│
                                            │
                                ┌───────────┴────────────────────────────────────────┐
                                │                         │                          │
             Maad a Sinig Niokhobai Mane Nyan Joof        │                      Lingeer
                         (king of Sine)                   │             Siga Pal Mane Nyan Joof
                                                          │
                                    Maad a Sinig Gejopal Mane Nyan Joof
                                                    (king of Sine)

Status in Serer religion

Main articles: Serer religion, Pangool, Lamane Jegan Joof, Tukar, Maad Semou Njekeh Joof, and Saltigue

The Joof family figure prominently in Serer religion. Many of the Serer Pangool (saints and ancestral spirits) came from this family. Though associated with Serer royalty, this family's involvement in Serer religious affairs are found within the hermeneutics of Serer religion and traditions. Some of the sacred Serer sites regularly venerated were founded or headed by this family which underpins their involvement in the Pangool cult. Some of these venerated sites includes Tagdiam, residence of Maad Semou Njekeh Joof who is associated with the cult of Tagdiam; and Tukar, founded by Lamane Jegan Joof. In the Serer religious calendar, the Raan festival which takes place once a year after the new moon is held in Tukar.

Personalities with the surname Joof, Diouf, Juuf or Juf

The surname Joof, Diouf, Juuf or Juf is carried by several personalities, some of which include:

Royalty

Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof (king of Sine). Reigned c. 1825-53). From The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof. Portrait by David Boilat taken in 1850 when he visited Joal. Catalogued in his work Esquisses sénégalaises in 1853, the year the king died.

Kingdom of Baol

See also: Kingdom of Baol

• Lamane Jegan Joof, founder of Tukar in the medieval era (11th century)
• Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof, king of Laa (Baol; c. 1290)
• Maad Patar Kholleh Joof (The Conqueror), king of Laa (Baol) and Teigne of Baol (c. 14th century)

Kingdom of Sine

See also: Kingdom of Sine

• Maad a Sinig Boukar Tjilas Sanghaie Joof, king of Sine (reigned 1724–35), son of Maad Semou Njekeh Joof
• Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof, king of Sine (reigned 1825–53)
• Lingeer Gnilane Jogoy Joof, wife of Maat Souka Ndela Joof (parents of Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof)
• Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, king of Sine (reigned 1853–71)
• Maad a Sinig Semou Mak Joof, king of Sine (reigned 1878–82)
• Maad a Sinig Amadi Baro Joof, king of Sine (reigned 1882–84)
• Maad a Sinig Jaligui Sira Joof, king of Sine (reigned 1885–86)
• Maad a Sinig Niokhobai Joof, king of Sine (reigned 1886–87)
• Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof, king of Sine (reigned 1898-1924)
• Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof, king of Sine (reigned 1924–69)
• Lamane Diaga Dibor Ndofene Diouf, lamane of Tukar, last Lamane of Tukar as of 2004.

Kingdom of Saloum

See also: Kingdom of Saloum

• Maad Saloum Semou Jimit Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1898-1924)
• Maad Saloum Ndeneh Jogop Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1901–11)
• Maad Saloum Semou N'Gouye Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1911–13)
• Maat Saloum Gori Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1913–19)
• Maad Saloum Mahawa Choro Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1919–35)
• Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1935–69)

Kingdom of Jolof

See also: Kingdom of Jolof

• Lingeer Penda Kumba Ngouille Joof, queen consort and queen mother of Jolof (wife of Bour ba Jolof Bakan Tam Boury Nabou Njie, king of Jolof, 1768–69)

Kingdom of Cayor

See also: Cayor

• Manguinak Joof, appointed Ber Jak of Cayor (equivalent of Prime Minister) by his first cousin Damel Amari Ngoneh Sobell Fall after he assisted him defeat the king of Jolof at the Battle of Danki (1549).

Royal houses (Guelowar period)

• The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof, the first royal house founded by the Joof family during the Guelowar period. Founded by Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof in the 14th century.
• The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof, the second royal house founded by the Joof family. Founded by Maad a Sinig Jogo Gnilane Joof c. 16th century. Unlike the other two royal houses, this royal house did not provide many kings.
• The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof, the third and last royal house founded by the Joof family. This royal house was founded by Maad Semou Njekeh Joof in the 18th century.

Academic world

• Ismaïla Diouf, professor of mathematics at the Université Cheikh Anta Diop (Dakar, Sénégal)
• Mamadou Diouf, Senegalese historian, professor at the University of Michigan
• Arona N'doffène Diouf, professor at the University of North Carolina
• Sylviane Diouf, historian and author
• Cheikh Diouf, historian and essayist
• Marcel Mahawa Diouf, a Senegalese historian, theologian and author on Serer religion, traditions and history.
• Babacar Sédikh Diouf, a Senegalese historian and author on Serer history
• Moustapha Diouf, a Senegalese sociologist and professor at the University of Vermont [6]

Politics

File:AbdouDiouf03c.jpg

Abdou Diouf. The second president of Senegal and Secretary General of Francophonie.

• Ngalandou Diouf (1875–1941), Senegalese politician of the colonial era and parliamentarian of the French Chamber of Deputies
• Abdou Diouf (born 1935), Senegalese politician, second president of Senegal and present Secretary-General of Francophonie.
• Coumba Ndoffène Diouf, Senegalese politician who held several cabinet posts. Former Foreign Minister of Senegal, Minister of Public Health and Social Affairs.
• George St. Clair Joof (1907–1955), Gambian politician and barrister
• Lucretia St. Clair Joof (1913–1982), Gambian politician and the first woman in the House of Representatives (the Gambia)
• Diaraf Diouf (1925–2006), Senegalese politician and engineer, who held several ministeral posts before and after Senegal's independence.
• Jacques Diouf, Senegalese politician Director-General of The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
• Madior Diouf (born 1939) Senegalese politician and professor of literature at the Université Cheikh Anta Diop. Member and leader of the National Democratic Rally.
• Mame Birame Souleymane Diouf (also Mame Biram Souleyman Diouf), Senegalese politician, economist and Deputy Mayor of Sokone (Senegal).
• Ibra Diouf, member of The Pan-African Parliament

Legal profession

Some of these legal professionals have ventured into politics but they are more known for their legal than for their political occupation :

• Alhaji Bai Modi Joof (1933–1993) (Alhaji B.M. Joof), Gambian barrister, legal adviser to the Gambia Press Union and defender of free speech. Commonly known as Lawyer Joof (not to be confused with the younger Joseph Henry Joof, who is also known as Lawyer Joof), younger brother of Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof.
• Joseph Henry Joof (born 1960), Gambian barrister, attorney general and politician.

Medicine

• Professor Boucar Diouf, member of the International Society of Nephrology, member of the African board of the Commission for the Global Advancement of Nephrology (COMGAN), member of the African Associations of Nephrology, President and founder-member of the Senegalese Society of Nephrology (SESONEPH)

Sports

El-Hadji Diouf. Professional footballer. Pictured after winning the Scottish League Cup with Glasgow Rangers.

• Robert Diouf, professional Senegalese wrestler and former champion.
• El-Hadji Diouf (born: 1981), Senegalese footballer, winner of many cups as well as the BBC African Footballer of the Year: (2002) playing for Malaysian side Sabah FA.
• Dame Diouf, former professional footballer and elder brother of El-Hadji Diouf
• Pa Malick Joof (born 1985), Gambian, professional footballer, former team member of SV Wilhelmshaven
• Mamadou Diouf, professional footballer and member of the Football Club de Metz
• El Hadji Diouf (footballer born 1988) (not be confused with the other El-Hadji Diouf) also a professional footballer
• Mamadou Diouf, professional basketball player and a member of the Senegalese basketball team
• Pape Diouf (proper: Mababa Diouf (born 1951), former journalist and president of Olympique de Marseille (2005–2009)
• Mame Biram Diouf, Senegalese footballer and player for the British club Stoke City as well as the Senegalese team.
• Mame Tacko Diouf (born 1976), Senegalese 400 metres hurdler.
• Mame Diodio Diouf (born 1984) Senegalese women's basketball player.

Music and entertainment

File:Moussdiouf.jpg

Pierre Moustapha Diouf commonly known as Mouss Diouf, renowned actor who had worked with personalities like Ousmane Sembene.

• Boucar Diouf, Senegalese humorist
• Élage Diouf, musician, percussionist and composer, naitive of Dakar, member of The Diouf brothers (Les frères Diouf) a Senegalese band.
• Pape Abdou Karim Diouf, brother of Élage Diouf and band member of The Diouf brothers.
• Mouss Diouf (born 1964), actor

Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof pictured as a Scout Master in the colonial era. Gambian nationalist and opponent of the British administration in colonial times.

• Hella Joof, actress and director (of Gambian descent).
• Mamadou Diouf, former vet now musician and song-writer

Visual arts

The definition of art is very broad. This section list the names of visual artists (in its narrowest definition) who share this surname :

• Cheikh Diouf, professional artist. His work is primarily based on African art, winner of many awards

Business and commerce

• Abdoulie Joof, a Gambian tycoon, commonly known as Lie Joof, implicated in several controversies including the financing of a coup d'etat to overthrow president Yahya Jammeh.

Multi-discipline

The following list gives the names of personalities with this surname who are experts in a variety of professions, and are equally known for each of these professions. Their professional life is so wide and varied that they can not be easily described by a single category :

• Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof (1924–2011), a Gambian Statesman, author, historian, politician, trade unionist, nationalist, broadcaster, etc.

Other

• The Diouf brothers (Les frères Diouf), music band from Senegal. The band consists of Élage Diouf (El Hadji Fall Diouf) and Pape Abdou Karim Diouf.

See also

• Faye family

References

Bibliography

• Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal). Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87
• Ndiaye Leyti, Oumar, Le Djoloff et ses Bourba (1966); Dakar: Nouvelles Editions africaines, 1981
• Galvan, Dennis Charles. The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley: University of California Press (2004). ISBN 978-0-520-23591-5
• Bressers, Hans & Rosenbaum, Walter A. Achieving Sustainable Development: the challenge of governance across social scales. Greenwood Publishing Group (2003). ISBN 0-275-97802-8
• Phillips, Lucie Colvin. Historical Dictionary of Senegal. Volume 23 of African historical dictionaries. Scarecrow Press (1981). ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
• Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de L'Institut Fondamental D'Afrique Noire, Volume 38. IFAN, 1976
• Thilmans, Guy, Descamps, Cyr & Camara, Abdoulaye, "Senegalia: études sur le patrimoine ouest-africain: hommage à Guy Thilmans." Sépia (2006). ISBN 2-84280-122-9
• Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914. Edinburgh University Press (1968)
• Sheridan, Michael J. & Nyamweru, Celia. African Sacred Groves: ecological dynamics & social change. James Currey (2008). ISBN 0-8214-1789-4
• Ngom, Biram (comprising notes of Babacar Sédikh Diouf): La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin. Dakar, Université de Dakar (1987)
• "l'epopee de Sanmoon Fay. "La famille Juuf." Ethiopiques n°54 revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine Nouvelle série volume 7 2e semestre (1991)
• Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine." Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4 (1972)
• Faye, Louis Diène. Mort et naissance: le monde Sereer. Nouvelles Éditions africaines, 1983. ISBN 2-7236-0868-9
• Bâ, Abdou Bouri. "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip." Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin
• Sonko Godwin, Patience. Leaders of Senegambia Region, Reactions To European Infiltration 19th-20th Century. The Gambia: Sunrise Publishers Ltd (1995). ISBN 9983-86-002-3
• Sonko Godwin, Patience. Ethnic Groups of The Senegambia Region, A Brief History. Third Edition. The Gambia: Sunrise Publishers Ltd (2003). ISBN 978-9983-86-000-9
• Wade, Amadou. "Chronique du Walo sénégalais (1186-1855)", B. Cissé trans., V. Monteil, editor, Bulletin de l'IFAN, Series B, Vol. 26, no. 3/4 (1941, 1964)
• Gastellu, Jean-Marc. L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal. IRD Editions, 1981. ISBN 2-7099-0591-4
• Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé, Recueil sur la Vie des Damel. Introduit et commenté par C. Becker et V. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974
• Martin, Victor & Becker, Charles, "Lieux de culte et emplacements célèbres dans les pays sereer" (Sénégal), Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Tome 41, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1979, pp. 133–89 (pp. 15–34) [7]
• Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool", vol. 2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990). ISBN 2-7236-1055-1