Latrocinium
Latrocinium (from Latin latro, "bandit", ultimately from Greek latron, "pay" or "hire"[1]) was a war not preceded by a formal declaration of war as understood in Roman law; thus guerrilla warfare conducted against Rome was a form of latrocinium.[2] It is typically translated into English as "banditry" or "brigandage", but in antiquity encompassed a wider range of subversive or anti-authoritarian actions, especially slave rebellions organized under charismatic leaders.[3] In designating acts of violence that have ideological motives instead of or in addition to material gain, the modern distinction between terrorism and war may be a more illuminating comparison for the 21st century.[4] The Greek term was leisteia; Plato and Aristotle regarded banditry as a way of life, like fishing or hunting.[5]
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Ecclesiastical councils as latrocinia
In ecclesiastical Latin, latrocinium was a term of abuse for ecumenical councils regarded as renegade or subversive of canon law, especially the "Robber Council" of Ephesus (Latrocinium Ephesinum) in 449.[6] The third Council of Sirmium in 357, Council of Hieria in 754 and Synod of Pistoia in 1786 were each described by their opponents as a latrocinium. Some also regarded the fourth Council of Constantinople (879-880) as a latrocinium.[7]
Medieval usage
In the Middle Ages, latrocinium was a war without just cause, or piracy.[8]
See also
References
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Grunewald, Bandits in the Roman Empire, pp. 10ff., 58, et passim.
- ↑ Michael Gaddis, There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire (University of California Press, 2005), pp. 20, 151.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Gaddis, Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire, p. 75.
- ↑ John-Peter Pham, Heirs of the Fisherman : Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 296.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
