List of Armillaria species

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File:Armillaria mellea 107462.jpg
A. mellea is the type species of the genus Armillaria.

Armillaria is a genus of fungi commonly known as honey mushrooms. First treated by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, and later assigned generic rank by Friedrich Staude in 1857,[1] Armillaria is classified in the Physalacriaceae family of the Agaricales, the gilled mushrooms.[2] The majority of species in Armillaria are saprotrophic and live mainly on dead wood, but some are parasites that can cause root and butt rot in over 600 species of woody plants.[3] Some Armillaria species form mycorrhizae with orchids;[4] others, such as A. gallica, A. mellea, and A. tabescens, are bioluminescent.[5]

Armillaria species form fleshy, white-spored mushrooms with a cottony or membranous veil that typically forms a distinct annulus on the stem. The fruit bodies usually occur in autumn in large clusters at the base of the stem or roots. Armillaria species can produce rhizomorphs—rootlike aggregations of hyphae—that can form massive, long-lasting underground networks. The growth of the rhizomorph networks allows for tree-to-tree spread of the fungus even when direct contact between diseased and healthy plants is not possible.[6]

The genus once served as a wastebasket taxon for many agaric mushrooms with a white spore print, gills attached to the stem, and an annulus. Due largely to differing interpretations on the limits of the genus, over 270 species and varieties have been placed in Armillaria or its synonym Armillariella. A comprehensive 1995 study by Tom Volk and Harold Burdsall evaluated all of the epithets that have been used in Armillaria or Armillariella. They determined that about 40 species belong to Armillaria sensu stricto (in the strict sense); the remaining names belong to species that are distributed among 43 other modern fungal genera.[7]

Many species are difficult or impossible to distinguish from each other using observable characteristics; laboratory incompatibility tests are often used on pure cultures to reliably determine species. Because of the difficulties posed by routine species identification, the use of DNA sequencing and phylogenetic approaches has become a standard method to help clarify relationships between species. Species differ in their geographical distribution and ecological position, host specificity, microscopic and macroscopic features, and also in their aggressiveness in colonizing wood hosts. The following list of Armillaria species is based on the taxonomic overviews provided by Volk and Burdsall in 1995,[8] David Pegler in 2000,[9] and reports of new species that have been published since then.[10][11][12]

Species

Key to the table of species below
Name The binomial name of the Armillaria species.
Authority The author citation—the person who first described the species using an available scientific name, eventually combined with the one who placed it in Armillaria, and using standardized abbreviations.
Year The year in which the species was named, or transferred to the genus Armillaria. Where the actual year of publication (as defined for the purpose of priority) differs from the date given in the material, the latter date is given in quotes.
Distribution The distribution of the species; unless otherwise indicated, this information is obtained from Volk and Burdsall (1995), and Pegler (2000).
File:Armillaria borealis - Lindsey.jpg
A. borealis
File:Armillaria spec. - Lindsey 1a.jpg
A. cepistipes
Young orangeish bulbous mushrooms are covered in shaggy, scale-like hairs.
A. gallica
A pair of mushrooms jut from the side of a mossy tree trunk; their cap is grey and warty, and their gills are still hiden by the universal veil.
A. hinnulea
File:Wielangta Unidentified Fungus 5164.jpg
A. luteobubalina
File:Armillaria puiggarii 96852.jpg
A. puiggarii
File:Clitocybe Tabescens.JPG
A. tabescens
Name Authority  Year Distribution
Armillaria affinis (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds.[13] 1995
  • Caribbean
  • Central America
Armillaria altimontana Brazee, B.Ortiz, Banik & D.L.Lindner.[12] 2012 Western North America
Armillaria apalosclera (Berk.) A.Chandra & Watl.[14] 1982
("1981")		 Asia
Armillaria borealis Marxm. & Korhonen[15] 1982 Eurasia[16]
Armillaria calvescens Bérubé & Dessur.[17] 1989 Eastern North America
Armillaria camerunensis (Henn.) Courtec.[18] 1995 Africa
Armillaria cepistipes[N 1] Velen.[19] 1920
  • Eurasia
  • North America[20]
Armillaria duplicata (Berk.) Sacc.[21] 1887 India
Armillaria ectypa (Fr.) Lamoure[22] 1965 Europe
Armillaria fellea (Hongo) Kile & Watling[23] 1983 Australia
Armillaria fumosa Kile & Watling[23] 1983 Australia
Armillaria fuscipes Petch[24] 1909
Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn.[26] 1987
  • Africa
  • Europe
  • Japan
  • North America[16][20]
Armillaria gemina Bérubé & Dessur.[17] 1989 Eastern North America[17]
Armillaria griseomellea (Singer) Kile & Watling[23] 1983 North and South America[27]
Armillaria heimii[N 2] Pegler[31] 1977 Africa
Armillaria hinnulea Kile & Watling[23] 1983 Australasia
Armillaria jezoensis J.Y.Cha & Igarashi[32] 1994 Japan
Armillaria limonea (G.Stev.) Boesew.[33] 1977
  • Australasia
  • South America
Armillaria luteobubalina[N 3] Watling & Kile[34] 1978
  • Australasia
  • South America[35]
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P.Kumm.[36] 1871
  • Eurasia
  • North America[16]
Armillaria melleorubens (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.[21] 1887 North and Central America
Armillaria montagnei[N 3] (Singer) Herink[37] 1973
  • Europe
  • South America
Armillaria nabsnona T.J.Volk & Burds.[38] 1996
  • Asia
  • Western North America[20]
Armillaria novae-zelandiae (G.Stev.) Boesew.[33] 1973
  • Australia
  • New Guinea
  • New Zealand
  • South America
Armillaria omnituens (Berk.) Sacc.[21] 1887 India
Armillaria pallidula Kile & Watling[39] 1988 Australia
Armillaria paulensis Capelari[10] 2008 South America[10]
Armillaria pelliculata Beeli[29] 1927 Africa
Armillaria procera Speg.[40] 1889 South America
Armillaria puiggarii Speg.[40] 1889 South America
Armillaria sinapina Bérubé & Dessur.[41] 1988
Armillaria singula J.Y.Cha & Igarashi[32] 1994
  • Japan
  • North America
Armillaria socialis (DC.) Fayod[42] 1889
  • Eurasia
  • North America[43]
Armillaria solidipes[N 4] Peck[45] 1900
Armillaria sparrei (Singer) Herink[37] 1973 North and South America
Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel[46] 1921
  • Eurasia
  • North America[16]
Armillaria tigrensis (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds.[47] 1983 South America
Armillaria umbrinobrunnea (Singer) Pildain & Rajchenb.[11] 2010 South America
Armillaria viridiflava (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds.[48] 1995
  • Europe(?)
  • South America
Armillaria yungensis (Singer) Herink[37] 1973 South America

Notes

  1. ↑ The original spelling of the species name was cepaestipes.[19]
  2. ↑ This was a nomen novum for Robert Heim's Clitocybe elegans,[28] as Maurice Beeli had described Armillaria elegans[29] in 1927 (that species is now placed in Cystodermella).[30]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 A. montagnei and A. luteobubalina may represent the same species. If this is so, its correct epithet would be montagnei.[11]
  4. ↑ This species was known as Armillaria ostoyae until a 2008 publication revealed that Charles Horton Peck had described the taxon under a different name in 1900.[44]

References

  1. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 8.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 6.
  8. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995).
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 24.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (subscription required)
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 115.
  48. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 119.

Cited literature

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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