List of European folk music traditions

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Lists of folk music traditions
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This is a list of folk music traditions, with styles, dances, instruments and other related topics. The term folk music can not be easily defined in a precise manner; it is used with widely varying definitions depending on the author, intended audience and context within a work. Similarly, the term traditions in this context does not connote any strictly-defined criteria. Music scholars, journalists, audiences, record industry individuals, politicians, nationalists and demagogues may often have occasion to address which fields of folk music areto a distinct group of people and with characteristics undiluted by contact with the music of other peoples; thus, the folk music traditions described herein overlap in varying degrees with each other.

Europe

Country Elements Dance Instrumentation Other topics
Albanian [1] aheng – Albanian ballad – epic (këngë trimash, këngë kreshnikësh) – kaba – kantadha – Kefalonitika – këputje fjalësh – Korçare – lament – llazore – lullaby – maje krahi – Albanian iso-polyphony – prcjellsi – rapsodi – saze orchestra – serenata – Albanian wedding music – work song ajsino oro – arnaöut – Osman Taka – pušteno – sherianqe – shota – valle bousouk / buzuk – cifteli – clarinet – dajreja – def – fyell – grrneta – lahuta – llautë – lodra – mandolin – sharki – violin – zumarë kurbet – pare
Andalusian See Spanish – – –
Andorran See Catalan – – –
Arbereshi See Albanian – – –
Austrian [2] Faschingsbriefe – Schnadahüpfl (Gstanzl, Gsetzl, Trutzgsangl) – schrammelmusik – string quartet – Wienalied – yodeling (Jodler, Wullaza, Hullaza, Almer) – Zettellandler Volkstanz: Blasmusik – Boarischer – Eiswalzer – Hiatamadl – Jägermarsch – Kontratänze – Krebspolka – Kreuzpolka – Kuckuckspolka – landler – ländler – Lunzer Boarischer – mazurka – Neudeutscher – polka – Poschater Zwoaschritt – Rediwa (Sprachinseltänze) – Schnitterhüpfer – schuhplattler (Plattler) – Rheinländer – Siebenschritt – Steirischer – Studentenpolka – Zwiefacher – waltz [3] accordion – alphorn – clarinet – double bass (contrabass) – dulcimer – fiddle – flute – grazer heurigen – tracht – Volkssänger
Auvergnat See French – – –
Balearic Islander See Catalan – – –
Basque [4] Bertsolaritza – Ttakuna – Chant – Choir – dawn song – Herrena – Trikitixa Abaltzisketa – Arin-arin – Aurresku – Azeri – Baso – Basauri – Berastegi – Beti Alai Arku – Brokel – Dantzari – Donostia-San Sebastian – Ezpata – Eztai-soinu – Garay – Gizon – Ingurutxo – Jorrai – Karrika Soinu (biribilketa) – Larrain – Legazpi – Makil – Markina-Xemein – Matelota – Miel Otxin – Mutil – Muxico (Mutico) – Paloteados – Sagar – San Juan – Soka – Sorgin – Troquel – Txino – Uztai Txiki – Yantza-Luze – Zagi – Zortziko Alboka (double clarinet) – Atabal – Dulzaina – Kirikoketa – Makilak (sticks) – Pandero – Silbote – Tarogato – Tenora (shawm) – Tobera – Trikitixa (concertina) – Ttunttun (drum) – Txalaparta – Txistu (three hole pipe) – Xirula (flute) Aintzara-yoku – Alardes – Basque picnic – Dantzaris – Kolaris – Maskarada (carnival of Soule) – Pastoral – religious procession
Bavarian See German – – –
Belarusian
Bohemian See Czech – – –
Bosnian [5] gange – gusle – ilahije – izvorna bosanska muzika – Ladino song – novokomponovana narodna muzika – ravne pjesme – sevdalinka (sevdah) [6] line dance – kolo accordion – bagpipe – clarinet – daire – double bass – flute – guitar – sargija (lute) – snare drum – violin sijela
Breton [7] bagad (bagadoù, pipe band) – chant de marin (sea shanty) – couples de sonneurs (sonner par couple) – gwerz (gwerzioù) – kan a boz – kan ha diskan – kantik (hymn) – kost ar c'hoat – quête – sôn (sonioù) an dros (an dro) – bals – plinn – fisel – gavotte – jabadao – hanter dro – laridé (ridée) – pach-pi – rond accordion – binou (bagpipe, kozh, braz, bihan, pib veur) – binou braz – bombarde (oboe) – hurdy-gurdy – telenn (harp) – treujenn-gaol (clarinet, trognon d'chou) – veuze (bagpipe) – violon (violin, fiddle) chanteurs engagés (protest singer) – Dastum – diskaner – fest-noz (festou noz, bal breton) – kaner – roots revival – sonerion
Bulgarian [8] choir – Koleduvane – kopanica – Laduvane – Lazaruvane – na trapeza – wedding music Horo: acano mlada nvesto (line dance) – buchimish (line dance) – chetvorno – chope – daichovo (line dance) – dunavsko – elenino (line dance) – eleno mome – iove male mome – kopanica – kopanitsa (line dance, gankino) – nestinari – paidushko – petrunino – povarnato (devetorka) – pravo horo (line dance) – rachenitsa (ruchenitsa, couple dance) – sandansko – sedenka – sedi donka – trite puti (line dance) – tropoli clarinet – kaba gaida – kaval (flute) – gadulka – gaida (bagpipe) – tambura (lute) – tarabuka (drum) – tǔpan (drum) Koprivshtitsa – nestinarstvo – sedyanki
Burgenland Croat See Croatian – – –
Calabrian See Italian – – –
Cantabrian tonada montañesa – marzas – cantares de ronda – pasacalles – romances – coplas a lo pesau – coplas a lo ligeru – cantos de labor – trova – reyes – canto a bodas – villancico jota montañesa – picayos – danza de arcos – baila de Ibio – paloteo – pericote lebaniego – trepeletré – cuevanuco – romance del conde de Lara – danza de cintas pitu montañés – gaita – rabel – bígaru – tamboril – chifla campurriana – caja redoblante – pandereta – pandero – tarrañuelas – vozaina – silbu – albogue – rutón sobano – chiflita pasiega – alcurdión – cuerno pasiego jisquíu o ijujú – gudos
Castilian See Spanish – – –
Catalan [9] ball de bastons – ball de gitanes – besones – caramelles – cercaviles – colla – colles diableres – cobla – galops – gloses (glosada, estribot) – gotxos – habanera – ida y vuelta – lullaby – passos – porfèdia – redoblada – regateix – redoblat – uc – work song bolero – contrapàs – copeo – cossiers – habaneres – jota – marratxa – mateixa – sa filera – Saint Anne's dance – sardana (circle dance) – sardana curta – sardana llarga – sardana de lluïment – sardana revessa – ses dotze rodades – ses nou rodades bandurria – bimbau (jaw harp) – castanet – fiscorn (horn) – flabiol (flute) – gralla (oboe) – guitarró (guitar) – sac de gemecs (bagpipe, coixinera, caterineta, borrega, manxa borrega, bot, noia verda, mossa verda, ploranera, sac de les aspres, buna, cornamusa) – tambori – tambourine – tarota (oboe) – tenora (shawm) – tible – xeremia (clarinet) – ximbomba cantada – correfoc – esbartades – sonador – vetlada – xacota
Cham See Albanian – – –
Channel Islands [10] bachîn ringing bérouisse – cotillion – danse des chapieaux (the hat dance) – ronde (round dance) – sonneur accordion – bachîn – chifournie (hurdy gurdy) – violin
Cornish [11] Cornish carol cushion dance – jig – hornpipe – reel – troyll bagpipe – bombarde – crowdy crawn (croder croghen) – fiddle (crowd) – hand drum – harp gorsedd
Corsican See French – – –
Croatian [12] bećarac – deseterac – epic poetry – klapa – tamburica band – tamburitza drme – kolo (round dance) – lindjo – moreska (Korcula sword dance) – zvecke accordion – berda – bisernice – brač – bugarija – clarinet – curla – diple – fiddle – gange – gusle – lijerica (lirica, fiddle) – roznica – samica – sargija (dulcimer) – sopila – tambura (mandolin) – tamburica – violin – zither Istrian scale – kukeri
Cypriot See Greek or Turkish – – –
Czech [13] Národní písni: cimbalom band – gajdošská (bagpipe band) – hudecká (fiddle band) – lidovka (lidovky) – skřipácká – old Prague song (staropražské písničky) – tramp music (trampská hudba) polka – sedlácká – táhlá – verbunk (Slovácko verbuňk) accordion – bagpipe – cimbalom – clarinet – double bass – fiddle – viola – violin
Dalmatian See Croatian – – –
Danish [14] fanik – firtur – hopsa – polka – pols – rheinlænder – schottische – sønderhoning – trekanter – tretur – vals accordion – fiddle – piano –
Dutch [15] mâtelot – mazurka – polka – Seven Sault – waltz accordion – doedelzak – guitar – hurdy-gurdy – pijpzak – violin
Emilian See Italian – – –
English [16] broadside ballad – Child ballad – wassailing [17] clogging – country dance – horn dance – hornpipe – long sword – Maypole dance – morris dance – rapper dance melodeon – concertina – fiddle – mouth organ – Northumbrian smallpipe – trombone – tuba – snare drum – bass drum ballad meter – obby oss
Estonian [18] runo-song – swing-song reilender – labajalg – polka accordion – bagpipe – concertina – fiddle – kannel – talharpa(hiiu kannel) – trumpet – whistle – zither Kalevipoeg
Faroese [19] kingosalmar – kvæði – skjaldur – tættir – visur circle dance – Faroe two-step
Finnish [20] itku – rekilaulu – runolaulu humppa – jenkka – mazurka – minuet – pelimanni – polka – purpuri – schottische – waltz accordion – clarinet – fiddle – harmonium – horn – jouhikko – kantele – talharpa – whistle Kalevala
Flemish [21]
Florentine See Italian – – –
Formentera See Catalan – – –
Frisian [22] galop – polka – skoetsploech – skots – walz accordion – fiddle – melodeon – rommelpot
French [23] bal-musette – Corsican polyphonic song – paghjella – regret bacchu-ber – bourrée – branle – contredanse – farandole – quadrille – rigaudon aboè – accordion – bodega – boha – cabrette – chabrette – cornemuse – fifre – galoubet – graille – grand cornemuse – hurdy-gurdy – pifre – tambourin – violin
Galician [24] coplas verdes – alalá – alborada – pasacalles – carballesa – ribeirana danza de damas e galáns – jota – muiñeira – pasodobre – rumba accordion – cadro – clarinet – gaita – pandeireta – pandeiro – tamboril – tarrañolas
Gascon See French – – –
Genoese See Italian – – –
German[25] anacrusis – German ballad – volksmusik – yodeling perchtentanz – schuhplatteltanz – waltz alphorn – zupfgeige Kriegspiele – Stadtfeste
Gheg See Albanian – – –
Greek [26] amané – dhimotika tragoudhia – kalanda – kantadhes – kleftiko – Klephtic song – miroloyia – nisiotika – rebetiko – skaros – taxim – tis tavlas çiftetelli – hasaposerviko – kalamatiano – karsilama – khasapiko – syrto – tsamiko – zeibekiko askomandura – baglamas – bouzouki – daouli – defi – gaida – kavali – kithara – klarino – laouto / laoutokithara (Lute guitar) – lyra – outi – santouri – toumberleki – tsambouna – violi – zournas dhimotiki – dromoi – manges – paniyiria – rebetes – tekes
Gypsy See Romani (Gypsy) – – –
Hungarian [27] hajnali – parlando-rubato – tempo-giusto – verbunkos csardas – legenyes – szolo – verbunkos bagpipe – cimbalom – cowbell – fiddle – gardon – hurdy-gurdy – violin – zither tanchaz
Ibiza See Catalan – – –
Icelandic [28] organum – rimur Icelandic ballad dancing fidla – langspil saga
Irish [29] aisling – amhrain – ballad – bard – caoineadh – diddling – drinking song – Fonn Mall – harp music – keening (lament, caoning) – macaronic song – Ossian ballad (Fenian ballad) – rebel song – reverdie – sean nós carol – céilidh – clogging – highland – hornpipe – jig – polka – quadrille – reel – slide – slip jig – step dance – strathspey accordion – banjo – bodhrán – bouzouki – concertina – fiddle – flute – guitar – harp – uilleann pipes – whistle [30] American wake conyach – crack – feis – fleadh – session
Istrian See Croatian – – –
Italian [31] baride – endecasillabo – gozo – maggio – Sardinian polyphony – tammorriata – trallalero – villanella ciociora – forlana – ruggera – saltarello – siciliana – su ballu – tarantella – trescona accordion – clapper – clarinet – flute – guitar – jaw harp – launedda – lira – mandolin – melodeon – ocarina – organetto – panpipe – piffero – rattle – tamburello – tamorra – tamura – violin – zampogna tarantolati
Karelian See Finnish – – –
Kvarnerian See Croatian – – –
Lab See Albanian – – –
Latvian [32] balss – daina – dziesma – ligotne – runo-song – sadzives – zinge citara – dulcimer – kokle – accordion – balalaika – mandolin – double bass – fiddle – bagpipe – russian guitar
Lithuanian [32] daina – dvejines – keturines – sutartines – trejines polka – quadrille – rateliai – waltz accordion – balalaika – bandoneon – basetle – birbynes – clarinet – concertina – daudytes – fiddle – guitar – harmonica – kankle – lamzdeliai – mandolin – pusline – ragai – sekminiu ragelis – skuduciai – svilpas – tabala
Lombard See Italian – – –
Majorca See Catalan – – –
Manx [33] Carvalyn Gailckagh – lament – Manx carol
Macedonian [34] calgia – narodni orkestri accordion – cemane – clarinet – def – dzumbus – gajda – kanun – kaval – supelka – tambura – tarabuka – tupan – ut – zurla narodna muzika – nove narodne pesme novokomponirana
Minorca See Catalan – – –
Moldovan See Romanian – – –
Montenegrin [35] Montenegrin epic poetry gusle
Moravian See Czech – – –
Neapolitan See Italian – – –
Norwegian [36] bånsuller – kveding – halling – laling – lokking – Norwegian ballad – slåttar – stev – tralling bruremarsj – bygdedans – gammeldans – gangar – halling – pols – rull – springar – springdans – springleik bukkehorn – fiddle – Hardanger fiddle – harp – langeleik – lur – Meråker – seljefløyte – trekkspel – tungehorn kappleikar
Occitan See French – – –
Piedmontese See Italian – – –
Pityusan Islander See Catalan – – –
Polish [37] lidyzowanie chodzony – cimbaŀy – krakowiak – krzesany – mazurka – obertas – ozwodna – polka – polonaise – zbojnicki cello – diable skrzypce – fiddle – gensle – kozioł – maryna – mazanka – suka – violin dozynki
Portugal [38] castiço – fado – modinha – Romanceiro – tamborileiro – zés-pereiras dança dos homens – fofa – lundum adufe – bandolim – bexigoncelo – bombo – brinquinho – caixa – cântaro com abanho – castanholas – cavaquinho – concertina – concha – ferrinhos – flauta pastoril – gaita-de-foles – genebres – guitarra – pandeireta – pandeiro – pifaro – reco-reco – sanfona – sarronça – tamboril – transcanholas – viola – zaclitracs fadista – ranchos folclóricos – saudade
Provenç See French – – –
Puglian See Italian – – –
Romani (Gypsy) [39] bulerías – calgia – cantes – cimbalom – fandango – fasil – flamenco – jaleo – koumpaneia – loki djili – oral-bassing – siguiriyas – soleares – taksim – tientos – tangos alegrias – belly dance – bulerías – farruca – garrotin – marianas – moritas – khelimaske djili accordion – buzuq – cimbalom – clarinet – cümbüş – darbuka – davul – djumbus – dombak – kaman – kanun – ney – rebab – tabla – ud – violin – zurna braceos – cuadro – juerga – Karagöz shadow theatre – taraf
Romanian [40] ballad – colinde – doina – lament – taraf – Transylvanian wedding music briu – fluier – geamparale – hora – sirba cetera – cimbalom – cobza – doba – double bass – fiddle – nai – taragot – viola – violin – zongora capra
Roussillon See Catalan – – –
Russian [41] byliny – chastushka – plachi – protiazhnaia pesnia – wedding music – zmires broyges tants – kaketke – kozatske – krakovyak – khorovodi – mitsve tants – sher – shrayer garmon – bayan – balalaika – domra – tsimbl badkhn – fakelore
Sami [42] joik – lavlu gievri – kobdas noaite
Sardinian See Italian – – –
Scottish [43] ballad – Border ballad – bothy ballad – brosnachadh – cauld wind pipe – ceol beg – ceol mor – flyting – lilt – muckle sang – pibroch – piobaireachd – psalm – puirt-a-beul (mouth music) – Scottish work song – Shetland fiddling – trowie – urlar – waulking song battement – Highland fling – hornpipe – jig – minuet – quickstep – reel – shean treuse – strathspey – sword dance accordion – Border pipe – clarsach – concertina – fiddle – flute – gue – harp – Highland pipes – Lowland pipe – pastoral pipe – pibroch – smallpipe – tin whistle Cape Breton fiddling – Scottish Baroque music – conyach – Feisean – mod – tryst
Serbian [44] izvorna – narodna muzika – novokomponovana narodna muzika – sevdalinka [45] cocek – kolo – sa-sa frula – gaida – gusle – sargija – tamburitza – tupan – violin
Sicilian See Italian – – –
Slavonian See Croatian – – –
Slovak [46] čardáš – čuchom – dupak – karicka – do kolesa – odzemok – polka- verbunk – waltz accordion – cello – cimbal – dvojačka (double whistle) – fujara – gajdy – koncovka (overtone flute) – píšťalka (6 hole whistle) – violin
Slovenian [47] velike goslarije – Slovenian harmony singing meh – panpipe – sopile – zither
Spanish [48] copla – jaleo – jota – Romanceiro aragonesas – bolero – bolerio viejo o parado – cachucha – chaconne – danza Antigua de Hermigua – Danza del Paloteo y el Cordón a La Virgen de La Piedad – Danza del Cordón, de la Carrera y del Paloteo al Cristo de la Viga – Danza de las ánimas – Danza de los Diablos – danzantes y pecados – S'a llarga y S'a curta – S'escandalari – fandango – gallega – Gitana – jota – jota de vendimia – malagueñas – manchegas – meloneras – milonga – mollaras – murciano – panaderos – quipuzcoanas – seguidilla – sevillana – soleares – torrás – valldemosa – vallenciana – verdiales – zambra – zarabanda castanet – chacara (large castanet) – bandurria – dulzaina – guitarra – mandolin – tambourine café cantates – duende – juerga
Swedish [49] ballad – halling – kulning – laling – lockrop – lokking cobbler's dance – daldans – gammaldans – gangar – kadriljs – pols – polska (polskor) – rudl – runddans – skralat – springar – springdans – springleik – vafva vadna – vingakersdans ackordcittra – dragspel – fiddle – hackbräde – hummel – mungiga – nyckelharpa – säckpipa – sälgpipa – skalmeja – spelpipa – stråkharpa – vevlira spelmanslag – Zorn Badge
Swiss [50] yodeling alphorn
Tosk See Albanian – – –
Transylvanian See Hungarian and Romanian – – –
Ukrainian [51] dumy – troista muzyka arkan – holubka – hutsulka – hopak – kolomyjka – kozachok – metelytsja – polka – waltz bandura – fiddle – floyara – frilka – kobza – lira – sopilka – trembita – tsymbaly – tylynka kobzari – lirnyky – pryspiv – zaspiv
Valencian See Catalan – – –
Venetian See Italian – – –
Vlach [35] bagpipe – fiddle Pomana
Walloon [21] fiddle
Welsh [52] penillion – Welsh choral music clogging (Welsh step dance) – hornpipe – twmpath crwth – pibacwd – pibcorn – Welsh harp (triple harp) dategeiniad – eisteddfod – gwerin – gwyl werin


References

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Burton, Kim, "The Eagle Has Landed", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 1–6; World Music Central; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Bohlman, pp. 210; Wagner, Christoph, "Soul Music of Old Vienna", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 13–15; *Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ The landler and the ländler are not the same dance, despite the similarity in name
  4. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 109–112; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Jan Fairley, "Music of the Regions" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113 and 292–297; World Music Central; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Hobgoblin Info Source; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo", in the Rough Guide to World Music, p. 31–35; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ The novokomponovana narodna muzika style is clearly not folk music in a scholarly sense, but may be more loosely termed traditional
  7. ↑ Ritchie, pp. 49, 60, 79; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, "Music of the Regions" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113; Sawyer, pp. 5, 14–15, 58, 133; World Music Central; Winick, Steven D., "Brittany", in Mathieson, pp. 110–139; Ceolas; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 84; Burton, Kim, "The Mystery Voice", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 36–45; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Catalan folk music can be taken to not include the music of the Balearic Islands; however, for the purposes of this list, the islands are included with Catalonia; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Jan Fairley, "Music of the Regions" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113 and 292–297; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Hobgoblin Info Source; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Ritchie, p. 48; ; Sawyer, pp. 16–17; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo" and "Toe Tapping Tamburicas", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 31–35 and 46–48; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 91; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 49–57; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Cronshaw, Andrew, "A New Pulse for the Pols", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 58–63
  15. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Bloemendaal, Wim, "Tilting at Windmills" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 207–210; Kinney, pp. 156–163
  16. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Ritchie, p. 73; Irwin, Colin, "England's Changing Roots", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 64–82; Kinney, pp. 156–163; Sawyer, pp. 5, 99–100; World Music Central
  17. ↑ Nettl notes that broadside ballads were primarily a form of popular music, but that many such ballads entered the folk repertoire.
  18. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 16–24
  19. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "A New Pulse for the Pols", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 58–63
  20. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75, 87; Cronshaw, Andrew, "New Runes", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 91–102
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Rans, Paul, "Flemish, Walloon and Global Fusion", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 25–30
  22. ↑ Bloemendaal, Wim, "Tilting at Windmills" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 207–210
  23. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 102–106; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Alessio Surian, "Music of the Regions" and "Tenores and Tarantellas" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113 and 189–201; Kinney, pp. 156–163
  24. ↑ Ritchie, pp. 51, 76; Jan Fairley, "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 292–297; Sawyer, pp. 5, 19; World Music Central
  25. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75, 80; Hunt, Ken, "Kraut Kaunterblast" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 114–125; Kinney, pp. 156–163
  26. ↑ Manuel, Popular Musics, pp. 127–132; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 92; Dubin, Marc and George Pissalidhes, "Songs of the Near East" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 126–142
  27. ↑ Bohlman, p. 199; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Broughton, Simon, "A Musical Mother Tongue" and "Taraf Traditions"in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 159–167 and 237–247; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207; Kinney, pp. 190–192; World Music Central
  28. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Waiting for the Thaw" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 168–169
  29. ↑ Ritchie, pp. 15–17, 32–33, 60, 67, 72, 74–75, 77, 80–81; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; O'Connor, Nuala, "Dancing at the Virtual Crossroads" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 170–188; Kinney, pp. 156–163; Sawyer, pp. 5, 7–10, 36–37, 55–56, 101–105, 111–112, 117–121, 172–176, 232–233
  30. ↑ The bouzouki is a relatively recent import that is often considered to not be a traditional instrument. O'Connor, however, acknowledges that though "it might seem odd", the bouzouki has "taken firm root" in traditional music.
  31. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 106–109; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Alessio Surian, "Music of the Regions" and "Tenores and Tarantellas" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113 and 189–201; Kinney, pp. 156–163; World Music Central
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 16–24
  33. ↑ Ritchie, p. 43; Sawyer, pp. 5, 17–18
  34. ↑ Manuel, Popular Musics, pp. 137–139; Burton, Kim, "Tricky Rhythms" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 202–206
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 273–276
  36. ↑ Bohlman, p. 210; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Fjords and Fiddles" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 211–218; Sawyers, pp. 79–81; World Music Central
  37. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 91–92; Broughton, Simon, "Hanging on in the Highlands" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 219–224; Kinney, pp. 190–191; World Music Central
  38. ↑ Manuel, Popular Musics, p. 115; Cronshaw, Andrew and Paul Vernon, "Traditional Riches, Fate and Revolution" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 225–236
  39. ↑ Manuel, Popular Musics, pp. 121, 165; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 115–116; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 49–57; Broughton, Simon, "Kings and Queens of the Road" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 146–158; Kinney, pp. 121–155; World Music Central
  40. ↑ Broughton, Simon, "Taraf Traditions" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 237–247; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207
  41. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 87; Broughton, Simon and Tatiana Didenko, "Music of the People" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 248–254; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207
  42. ↑ Cronshaw, Andrew, "Joiks of the Tundra" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 255–260
  43. ↑ Ritchie, pp. 15–16, 18, 38–39, 40–41, 62, 66, 71–73, 80; Heywood, Pete and Colin Irwin, "From Strathspeys to Acid Croft" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 261–272; Kinney, pp. 156–163; Sawyer, pp. 5, 10–13, 36–37, 39, 80–82, 88–101, 113–116, 121–126, 131–133, 146, 162–164, 202
  44. ↑ Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 31–35; Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 273–276; Kinney, pp. 189–190
  45. ↑ narodna muzika and novokomponovana narodna muzika translate respectively as folk music and newly-composed folk music; Burton describes both terms as perhaps vague, referring sometimes to traditionally-styled music or outright modern, popular music, which would not qualify as true folk music under any common scholarly definition; Burton also notes that many novokomponovana narodna muzika songs reflect a more Bosnian character than Serbian or Montenegrin.
  46. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 91; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 49–57
  47. ↑ Burton, Kim, "The Sound of Austro-Slavs" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 277–278
  48. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 113–117; Cronshaw, Andrew and Paul Vernon, and Jan Fairley, "Traditional Riches, Fate and Revolution" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 225–236 and 292–297; Kinney, pp. 121–155; McKinney and Anderson, pp. 614–616; World Music Central
  49. ↑ Bohlman, p. 210; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Fjords and Fiddles" and "A Devil of a Polska" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 211–218 and 298–307; Kinney, pp. 156–163; World Music Central
  50. ↑ Hunt, Ken, "Kraut Kaunterblast" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 114–125; Kinney, pp. 156–163
  51. ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 87; Kochan, Alexs and Julian Kytasty, "The Bandura Played On" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 308–312
  52. ↑ Ritchie, pp. 4, 44–46, 71; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Price, William, "Harps, Bards and the Gwerin" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 313–319; ; Sawyer, pp. 5, 13–14, 38–39
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