Osmotic shock

Osmotic shock or osmotic stress is a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, causing a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane. Under conditions of high concentrations of either salts, substrates or any solute in the supernatant, water is drawn out of the cells through osmosis. This also inhibits the transport of substrates and cofactors into the cell thus “shocking” the cell. Alternatively, at low concentrations of solutes, water enters the cell in large amounts, causing it to swell and either burst or undergo apoptosis.

All organisms have mechanisms to respond to osmotic shock, with sensors and signal transduction networks providing information to the cell about the osmolarity of its surroundings; these signals activate responses to deal with extreme conditions. Although single-celled organisms are more vulnerable to osmotic shock, since they are directly exposed to their environment, cells in large animals such as mammals still suffer these stresses under some conditions. Current research also suggests that osmotic stress in cells and tissues may significantly contribute to many human diseases.

In eukaryotes, calcium acts as one of the primary regulators of osmotic stress. Intracellular calcium levels rise during hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic stresses. During hyper-osmotic stress extracellular albumin binds calcium.

Recovery and tolerance mechanisms

For hyper-osmotic stress

extracellular sequestering of Calcium by blood Albumin.

Transient intracellular Ca²⁺ increase.

For hypo-osmotic stress

intracellular Ca²⁺ increase and Extracellular ATP Release

Calcium dependent efflux of the osmolyte Taurine. Extracellular calcium removal was found to prevent Taurine efflux by 50%, and removal of extracellular Ca²⁺ and simultaneous depletion of intracellular Ca²⁺ stores with thapsigargin decreased it by 85%.

Osmotic damage in humans

Main article: Osmotic demyelination syndrome

See also

• Osmolyte
• Myo-Inositol
• Taurine and Taurine-transporting ATPase
• Creatine
• Betaines
• Trimethylglycine – A Betaine and metabolite of Choline
• Sorbitol
• Glycerophosphocholine