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Freedom of speech is the political right to communicate one's ideas via speech. The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, as with libel, slander, obscenity and incitement to commit a crime.
The right to freedom of expression is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Article 19 of the ICCPR states that "[e]veryone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference" and "everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice". Article 19 goes on to say that the exercise of these rights carries "special duties and responsibilities" and may "therefore be subject to certain restrictions" when necessary "[f]or respect of the rights or reputation of others" or "[f]or the protection of national security or of public order (order public), or of public health or morals".
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The Haymarket affair (also known as the Haymarket massacre or Haymarket riot) refers to the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago. It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at police as they acted to disperse the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; scores of others were wounded. In the internationally publicized legal proceedings that followed, eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. The evidence was that one of the defendants may have built the bomb, but none of those on trial had thrown it. Seven were sentenced to death and one to a term of 15 years in prison. The death sentences of two of the defendants were commuted by Illinois governor Richard J. Oglesby to terms of life in prison, and another committed suicide in jail rather than face the gallows. The other four were hanged on November 11, 1887. In 1893, Illinois' new governor John Peter Altgeld pardoned the remaining defendants and criticized the trial. The Haymarket affair is generally considered significant as the origin of international May Day observances for workers. The site of the incident was designated a Chicago Landmark in 1992, and a public sculpture was dedicated there in 2004. In addition, the Haymarket Martyrs' Monument at the defendants' burial site in nearby Forest Park was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997.
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Freedom Press is the oldest surviving anarchist publishing house in the English speaking world and the largest in Britain. It is based at 84b Whitechapel High Street in the East End of London. Alongside its many books and pamphlets, the group also publish a fortnightly newspaper, Freedom, which is the only regular national anarchist newspaper in the UK. The bookshop was attacked by neo-fascist group Combat 18 in March 1993, and eventually firebombed. The building still bears some visible damage from the attacks, and metal guards have been installed on the ground floor windows and doors, intended to ward against further violence
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Dissents speak to a future age. It's not simply to say, 'My colleagues are wrong and I would do it this way.' But the greatest dissents do become court opinions and gradually over time their views become the dominant view. So that's the dissenter's hope: that they are writing not for today but for tomorrow. |
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Freedom of speech
Awards: AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility • Valeriu Boboc Prize • CPJ International Press Freedom Awards • Four Freedoms Award • Geschwister-Scholl-Preis • Gwangju Prize for Human Rights • Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award • James Madison Freedom of Information Award • Leipzig Human Rights Award • Muzzle Awards • Norwegian Academy of Literature and Freedom of Expression • PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award • PEN/Katherine Anne Porter First Amendment Award • PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award • Sakharov Prize • UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize • William J. Brennan Award • World Association of Newspapers' Golden Pen of Freedom Award
Books: Beyond the First Amendment • Cyber Rights • Free Speech, "The People's Darling Privilege" • Freedom of Expression • Net.wars
 Free speech activists: Floyd Abrams • Guy Aldred • Michael Gottlieb Birckner • Susan Block • Brenda Brathwaite • Roy W. Brown • Lenny Bruce • George Carlin • Henry Carlisle • Zechariah Chafee • The Confessionals • Ida Craddock • Hossein Derakhshan • David Esrati • John Henry Faulk • Elizabeth Gurley Flynn • Larry Flynt • Heather Ford • Pim Fortuyn • Free Speech League • Mike Godwin • Theo van Gogh (film director) • Emma Goldman • Bennett Haselton • Hugh Hefner • Marjorie Heins • Bill Hicks • Ayaan Hirsi Ali • Abbie Hoffman • William Hone • Zoia Horn • Saad Eddin Ibrahim • Joesoef Isak • Jiang Lijun • Peter Junger • Chris Kempling • Ronald Kidd • Kitty Marion • Howie Klein • Judith Krug • Li Zhi (dissident) • Elijah Parish Lovejoy • Declan McCullagh • John McGovern (politician) • Aaron McGruder • Kembrew McLeod • Irshad Manji • George W. Mavety • Alexander Meiklejohn • Nicholas Merrill • Gregorius Nekschot • Philip Njaru • Rashid Nugmanov • Ursula Owen • Pu Zhiqiang • Marc Randazza • Barney Rosset • Hasan Saltık • Margaret Sanger • Mario Savio • Theodore Schroeder • Fariborz Shamshiri • Shi Tao • Howard Stern • Nadine Strossen • David S. Touretzky • Wang Xiaoning • Grady Ward • Geert Wilders • Rose Witcop • Frank Zappa • Zhou Shuguang
General: Abusive language (law) • Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore • Birth control movement in the United States • Cartoonists Rights Network, International • Censorship by country • False statements of fact • Free speech fights • Free Speech League • Free Speech Movement • Free Speech Radio News • Free Speech TV • Free speech zone • Freedom of information • Freedom of Speech (painting) • Freedom of speech by country • Freedom of speech in the United States • Freedom of the press in the United States • International Freedom of Expression Exchange • Free speech in the media during the Libyan civil war • Market for loyalties theory • Occupy Oakland • SPEECH Act • The Tully Center for Free Speech • Whistleblower
Organizations: Action for Children's Television • American Society of Magazine Editors • ARTICLE 19 • Canadian Journalists for Free Expression • Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility • Central Committee for Ex-Muslims • Central Council of Ex-Muslims • Chilling Effects • Comic Book Legal Defense Fund • Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund • Committee to Protect Journalists • Croatian Journalists' Association • CryptoRights Foundation • digitalcourage (formerly FoeBuD) • Doha Centre for Media Freedom • Electronic Frontier Foundation • Electronic Frontiers Georgia • Feminists Against Censorship • First Amendment Center • First Amendment Coalition • Foundation for Press Freedom • Free Speech Coalition • Free Speech League • Freedom House • Freedom of the Press (report) • Index on Censorship • Inter American Press Association • International Center for Law and Religion Studies • International Free Press Society • International Freedom of Expression Exchange • International Media Support • International PEN • International Press Institute • Media Legal Defence Initiative • National Coalition Against Censorship • Pacifica Forum • Press Freedom Index • Reporters Without Borders • Save the Internet • Somali Exiled Journalists Association (SEJA) • South East Europe Media Organisation • Southeast Asian Press Alliance • Student Press Law Center • Swedish Publicists' Association • Television Watch • Tunisia Monitoring Group • World Press Freedom Committee
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