Quakers in science

The Religious Society of Friends (commonly known as Quakers) encouraged some values which may have been conducive to encouraging scientific talents. A theory suggested by David Hackett Fischer in his book Albion's Seed indicated early Quakers in the US preferred "practical study" to the more traditional studies of Greek or Latin popular with the elite. Another theory suggests their avoidance of dogma or clergy gave them a greater flexibility in response to science.

Despite those arguments a major factor is agreed to be that the Quakers were initially discouraged or forbidden to go to the major law or humanities schools in Britain due to the Test Act. They also at times faced similar discriminations in the United States, as many of the colonial universities had a Puritan or Anglican orientation. This led them to attend "Godless" institutions or forced them to rely on hands-on scientific experimentation rather than academia.

Because of these issues it has been stated Quakers are better represented in science than most religions. There are sources, Pendlehill (Thomas 2000) and Encyclopædia Britannica, that indicate that for over two centuries they were overrepresented in the Royal Society. Mention is made of this possibility in studies referenced in religiosity and intelligence and in a book by Arthur Raistrick. Whether this is still accurate, there have been several noteworthy members of this denomination in science. The following names a few.

Some Quakers in science

• William Allen - More known for abolitionism and penal reform, he was a Fellow of the Royal Society and the Linnean Society of London.
• James Backhouse - A botanist and missionary. Author abbreviation Backh.
• Wilson Baker - Organic chemist.
• John Bartram — Described as the "father of American Botany", he founded Bartram Botanical Gardens in Kingsessing on the bank of the Schuylkill River.
• Kenneth E. Boulding — Systems theorist and economist.
• Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain - A neurologist known for Brain's reflex. He became a Quaker in 1931 and gave the Swarthmore Lecture in 1944, "Man, Society and Religion", in which he stressed the importance of a social conscience.
• Jocelyn Bell Burnell — She discovered the first radio pulsars with her thesis advisor Antony Hewish. Raised Quaker in Northern Ireland, she volunteered in local and national Quaker activities up to at least the 1970s. Her Swarthmore Lecture was titled "Broken for Life". She is still an active Quaker up to the present.
• Peter Collinson — His family belonged to the Gracechurch meeting of the Religious Society of Friends and was a botanist with some interest in electricity.
• John Dalton — For a time he taught at a Quaker school, but is best known for work in atomic theory.
• Jeremiah Dixon - Surveyor and astronomer known for the Mason–Dixon line.
• Arthur Stanley Eddington — Active in the Quaker Guild of Teachers, attended meetings regularly. His Swarthmore Lecture was titled Science and the Unseen World.
• George Ellis — He co-authored The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time with University of Cambridge physicist Stephen Hawking. He also won the 2004 Templeton Prize and got involved with the Quaker Service Fund.
• John Fothergill - Physician and botanist; Fothergilla (witch alder) is named for him.
• Robert Were Fox the Younger - Geologist active in the early days of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
• Ursula Franklin - Metallurgist and physicist.
• George Graham - Clockmaker and geophysicist who discovered the diurnal variation of the terrestrial magnetic field.
• Thomas Hodgkin — Lived in the more ultra-orthodox era of Quakerism so wore plain clothes and spoke in a formal manner. Hodgkin's disease is named for him.
• Rush D. Holt, Jr. - Congressman and former Assistant Director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. He also beat Watson and has a patent for a "method for maintaining a correct density gradient in a non-convecting solar pond".
• Luke Howard — Meteorologist known for work in cloud types and nomenclature [7]
• George Barker Jeffery - Known for Jeffery's equations and translating works on the theory of relativity to English. His Swarthmore Lecture was Christ, Yesterday and Today.
• Joseph Jackson Lister - Known for his role in the development of the optical microscope. His son Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, was a pioneer in surgical sterile techniques, but left the Quakers and joined the Scottish Episcopal Church.
• Kathleen Lonsdale — "A prominent crystallographer, who discovered the planar hexagonal structure of benzene."..."Lonsdale became a Quaker in 1935. As such, she was a committed pacifist and served time in Holloway prison during World War II because she refused to register for civil defense duties or to pay the resulting fine." Her Swarthmore Lecture was titled Removing the Causes of War.
• William Philips - A founder of the Geological Society of London.
• Lewis Fry Richardson — Meteorology, "Richardson's Quaker beliefs entailed an ardent pacifism that exempted him from military service during World War I."
• Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. — Astrophysicist and winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery with Russell Alan Hulse of a "new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation". "I was educated mostly at Quaker institutions, in particular Moorestown Friends School and Haverford College." ... "Perhaps related to my Quaker upbringing, I've always valued personal involvement in a difficult task."
• Silvanus P. Thompson - Known for his book Calculus Made Easy; also developed an idea of a telegraph submarine cable. His Swarthmore Lecture was titled The Quest for Truth.
• William Homan Thorpe - President of the British Ornithologists' Union from 1955-1960. His Swarthmore Lecture was titled Quakers and Humanists.
• Daniel Hack Tuke — Expert on mental illness. "Tuke came from a long line of Quakers from York who were interested in mental illness and concerned with those afflicted."
• Caspar Wistar — Anatomist in colonial America.
• Thomas Young — Polymath and child prodigy raised Quaker.

See also

• List of Friends schools
• List of Quakers
• Relationship between religion and science
• Christianity and science

References

• Quakers in Science and Industry by Arthur Raistrick. ISBN 1-85072-106-8