Tropical sprue
| Tropical sprue | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 446: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| ICD-10 | K90.1 |
| ICD-9-CM | 579.1 |
| DiseasesDB | 13393 |
| MedlinePlus | 000275 |
| eMedicine | med/2162 |
| Patient UK | Tropical sprue |
| MeSH | D013182 |
Tropical sprue is a malabsorption disease commonly found in the tropical regions, marked with abnormal flattening of the villi and inflammation of the lining of the small intestine.[1] It differs significantly from coeliac sprue. It appears to be a more severe form of environmental enteropathy.[2][3][4]
Contents
Signs and symptoms
The illness usually starts with an attack of acute diarrhea, fever and malaise following which, after a variable period, the patient settles into the chronic phase of diarrhoea, steatorrhoea, weight loss, anorexia, malaise and nutritional deficiencies.[3][1] The symptoms of tropical sprue are:
- Diarrhoea
- Steatorrhoea or fatty stool (often foul-smelling and whitish in colour)
- Indigestion
- Cramps
- Weight loss and malnutrition
- Fatigue
Left untreated, nutrient and vitamin deficiencies may develop in patients with tropical sprue.[1] These deficiencies may have the following symptoms:
- Vitamin A deficiency: hyperkeratosis or skin scales
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies: anaemia
- Vitamin D and calcium deficiencies: spasm, bone pain, numbness and tingling sensation
- Vitamin K deficiency: bruises
Cause
The cause of tropical sprue is not known.[1] It has been suggested that it may be caused by persistent bacterial, viral, amoebal, or parasitic infection.[5] Folic acid deficiency, effects of malabsorbed fat on intestinal motility, and persistent small intestinal bacterial overgrowth may combine to cause the disorder.[6]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of tropical sprue can be complicated because many diseases have similar symptoms. The following investigation results are suggestive:
- Abnormal flattening of villi and inflammation of the lining of the small intestine, observed during an endoscopic procedure.
- Presence of inflammatory cells (most often lymphocytes) in the biopsy of small intestine tissue.
- Low levels of vitamins A, B12, E, D, and K, as well as serum albumin, calcium, and folate, revealed by a blood test.
- Excess fat in the feces (steatorrhoea).
- Thickened small bowel folds seen on imaging
Tropical sprue is largely limited to within about 30 degrees north and south of the equator. Recent travel to this region is a key factor in diagnosing this disease in residents of countries outside of that geographical region.[1]
Other conditions which can resemble tropical sprue need to be differentiated.[4] Coeliac disease (also known as coeliac sprue or gluten sensitive enteropathy), has similar symptoms to tropical sprue, with the flattening of the villi and small intestine inflammation and is caused by an autoimmune disorder in genetically susceptible individuals triggered by ingested gluten. Malabsorption can also be caused by protozoan infections, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, immunodeficiency, chronic pancreatitis and inflammatory bowel disease.[1] Environmental enteropathy is a less severe, subclinical condition similar to tropical sprue.[1]
Prevention
Preventive measures for visitors to tropical areas where the condition exists include steps to reduce the likelihood of gastroenteritis. These may comprise using only bottled water for drinking, brushing teeth, and washing food, and avoiding fruits washed with tap water (or consuming only peeled fruits, such as bananas and oranges). Basic sanitation is necessary to reduce fecal-oral contamination and the impact of environmental enteropathy in the developing world.[1]
Treatment
Once diagnosed, tropical sprue can be treated by a course of the antibiotic tetracycline or sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) for 3 to 6 months.[1][7] Supplementation of vitamins B12 and folic acid improves appetite and leads to a gain in weight.[8][4]
Prognosis
The prognosis for tropical sprue may be excellent after treatment. It usually does not recur in people who get it during travel to affected regions. The recurrence rate for natives is about 20%,[1] but another study showed changes can persist for several years.[9]
Epidemiology
Tropical sprue is common in the Caribbean, Central and South America, and India and southeast Asia.[1] In the Caribbean it appeared to be more common in Puerto Rico and Haiti. Epidemics in southern India have occurred.[1]
History
The disease was first described by William Hillary[10] in 1759 in Barbados.
Tropical sprue was responsible for one-sixth of all casualties sustained by the Allied forces in India and Southeast Asia during World War II.[1]
The use of folic acid and vitamin B12 in the treatment of tropical sprue was promoted in the late 1940s by Dr. Tom Spies of the University of Alabama, while conducting his research in Cuba and Puerto Rico.[11][12][13]
References
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- ↑ JAMA: DR. SPIES RECEIVES DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL (1957)
