Whanganui

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"Wanganui" redirects here. For the school in Australia, see Wanganui Park Secondary College.

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For other uses, see Whanganui (disambiguation).
Whanganui
or
Wanganui
Whanganui River to Dublin Street Bridge.jpg
Nickname(s): The River City
WhanganuiorWanganui is located in New Zealand
WhanganuiorWanganui
Whanganui
or
Wanganui
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country  New Zealand
Region Manawatu-Wanganui
Territorial authority Whanganui District
Government
 • Mayor Annette Main
Area
 • Territorial 2,372.7 km2 (916.1 sq mi)
Population (June 2015 estimate)[1]
 • Territorial 43,600
 • Density 18/km2 (48/sq mi)
Postcode(s) 4500, 4501
Area code(s) 06
Website Wanganui.govt.nz

Whanganui (/ˈhwɒŋənuːi/;[2] Māori: [ɸaŋanui]), also spelt Wanganui,[3] is a large town on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The Whanganui River, New Zealand's longest navigable waterway, runs from Mount Tongariro to the sea. Whanganui is part of the Manawatu-Wanganui region.

Like several New Zealand centres, it was officially designated a city until administrative reorganisation in 1989, and is now run by a District Council.

Although called Wanganui from 1854, the New Zealand Geographic Board recommended that the name be changed to "Whanganui", and the government decided in December 2009 that, while either spelling was acceptable, Crown agencies would use the Whanganui spelling.[4]

Geography

Whanganui is located on the South Taranaki Bight, close to the mouth of the Whanganui River. It is 200 kilometres north of Wellington and 75 kilometres northwest of Palmerston North, at the junction of State Highways 3 and 4. Most of the town lies on the river's northwestern bank, although some suburbs are located on the opposite side of the river.

It enjoys a temperate climate, with slightly above the national average sunshine (2100 hours per annum), and about 900 mm of annual rainfall. Several frosts are experienced in winter. The river is prone to flooding in heavy rain, and in June 2015 record flooding occurred with 100 households evacuated.

The township is administered by Whanganui District Council. The current mayor, Annette Main has been voted as mayor for two consecutive terms.[5]

History

The area around the mouth of the Whanganui river was a major site of pre-European Māori settlement. The pā named Pūtiki (a contraction of Pūtikiwharanui) was and is home to the Ngāti Tūpoho hapū of the iwi Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi.[6] It took its name from the legendary explorer Tamatea-pōkai-whenua, who sent a servant ashore to find flax for tying up his topknot (pūtiki).[7]

In the 1820s coastal tribes in the area assaulted the Kapiti Island stronghold of Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha. Te Rauparaha retaliated in 1830 sacking Pūtiki and slaughtering the inhabitants.[8]

The first European traders arrived in 1831, followed in 1840 by missionaries Octavius Hadfield and Henry Williams who collected signatures for the Treaty of Waitangi.[8] On 20 June 1840, the Revd John Mason, Mrs Mason, Mr Richard Matthews (a lay catechist) and his wife Johanna arrived to establish a mission station of the Church Missionary Society.[9] Revd Richard Taylor joined the CMS mission station in 1842.[10] The Revd Mason drowned on 5 January 1843 while crossing the Turakina River.[11][10] By 1844 the brick church built by Mason was inadequate to meet the needs of the congregation and it had been damaged in an earthquake. A new church was built under the supervision of Taylor, with the timber supplied by each pā on the river in proportion to its size and number of Christians.[12]

After the New Zealand Company had settled Wellington it looked for other suitable places for settlers. Edward Wakefield, son of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, negotiated the sale of 40,000 acres in 1840, and a town named Petre – after Lord Petre, one of the directors of the New Zealand Company – was established at the river mouth.[8] The settlement was threatened in 1846 by Te Mamaku, a chief from up the Whanganui river, but was saved by the Christian chiefs who lived by the settlement.[13] By 1850 Te Mamaku was receiving Christian instruction from Revd Taylor.[13] There were further incidents in 1847 when four members of the Gilfillan family were murdered and their house plundered.[14]

The name of the town was officially changed to Wanganui on 20 January 1854. The early years of the new town were problematic. Purchase of land from the local tribes had been haphazard and irregular, and as such many Māori were angered with the influx of Pākehā onto land that they still claimed. It was not until the town had been established for eight years that agreements were finally reached between the colonials and local tribes, and some resentment continued (and still filters through to the present day).

Wanganui grew rapidly after this time, with land being cleared for pasture. The town was a major military centre during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s, although local Māori at Pūtiki remained friendly to settlers. In 1871 a town bridge was built, followed six years later by a railway bridge at Aramoho.[8] Wanganui was linked by rail to both New Plymouth and Wellington by 1886. The town was incorporated as a Borough on 1 February 1872, and declared a city on 1 July 1924.[8]

The Watt Fountain in Victoria Avenue, the old Post Office building is in the background

Perhaps Wanganui's biggest scandal happened in 1920, when Mayor Charles Mackay shot and wounded a young poet, Walter D'Arcy Cresswell, who had been blackmailing him over his homosexuality. Mackay served seven years in prison and his name was erased from the town's civic monuments, while Cresswell (himself homosexual) was praised as a "wholesome-minded young man".[15] Mackay's name was restored to the foundation stone of the Sarjeant Gallery in 1985.[16]

The Whanganui River catchment is seen as a sacred area to Māori, and the Whanganui region is still seen as a focal point for any resentment over land ownership. In 1995, Moutoa Gardens in Wanganui, known to local Māori as Pakaitore, were occupied for 79 days in a mainly peaceful protest by the Whanganui iwi over land claims.

Wanganui was the site of the New Zealand Police Law Enforcement System (LES) from 1976 to 1995. An early Sperry mainframe computer-based intelligence and data management system, it was known colloquially as the "Wanganui Computer". The data centre housing it was subject to New Zealand's highest profile suicide bombing in 1982 when anarchist Neil Roberts detonated a gelignite bomb in the entry foyer. Roberts was the only casualty of the bombing.

Names

Whāngā nui means big bay or big harbour. Europeans called it Petre (pronounced Peter), after Lord Petre, an officer of the New Zealand Company, but the name did not persist.

Spelling of Wanganui/Whanganui

In the local dialect, Māori pronounce the phoneme wh as [ˀw], a w combined with a glottal stop,[dubious – discuss] and the name as something like "'Wanganui", hard to reproduce by non-locals. Until recently it was generally written as "Wanganui" and pronounced with a w by non-speakers of Māori and a wh (often [f]) by those Māori speakers from other areas who knew its derivation.

Following an article about the river by David Young in the New Zealand Geographic magazine that used "Whanganui" throughout, in accord with the wishes of the local iwi, the spelling of the river's name reverted to Whanganui in 1991. The region's name is now sometimes also spelt "Whanganui", but the town has kept the spelling "Wanganui".

A non-binding referendum was held in Wanganui in 2006, where 82 percent voted for Wanganui without an 'h'. Turnout was 55.4 percent.[17]

In February 2009, the New Zealand Geographic Board received a proposal that the town's name should be spelt "Whanganui", and in late March found there was a good case for the change.[18] The public was given three months to comment on the proposed change, beginning in mid May.[19] About equal numbers of submissions supported and opposed the change.[20] Wanganui Mayor Michael Laws spoke strongly against the proposed change.[17] Another referendum was held in Wanganui in May 2009 and residents again rejected changing the town's name 77-22.[21] Turnout was 60%. The Geographic Board decided in September 2009 that the name should be spelt "Whanganui", but the decision waited for review by the Minister for Land Information.[20]

In December 2009 the government decided that while either spelling was acceptable, Crown agencies would use the Whanganui spelling.[4] Despite this, some government agencies still use the Wanganui spelling, as does the local council.[22][23][24]

On November 17 2015 Land Information New Zealand Toitū te whenua (LINZ) announced that Wanganui District would be renamed to Whanganui District.[25]

Town highlights

The War Memorial Tower on Durie Hill

The urban area is home to a number of iconic buildings, including the Sarjeant Gallery, Royal Wanganui Opera House, Wanganui War Memorial Centre, Durie Hill War Memorial Tower and the Bastia Hill Water Tower. The Durie Hill Elevator takes visitors and residents from Anzac Parade to Hipango Terrace on Durie Hill (and back down) for a small fee. There are steps for those who want the exercise.

Whanganui has several high quality sporting venues, including the Cemetery Circuit which is a temporary motorcycle street racetrack in downtown Whanganui and Cooks Gardens - a major sporting venue used for cricket, athletics and rugby. On 27 January 1962, a world record time of 3 minutes 54.4 seconds for running the mile was set by Peter Snell on the grass track at the gardens. The venue also has a world-class velodrome.

Much of the town is on the river's northwest bank. The river is crossed by four bridges – Cobham Bridge, City Bridge, Dublin Street Bridge and Aramoho Railway Bridge (rail and pedestrians only).

Suburbs of the township include (clockwise from due south), Gonville, Castlecliff, Tawhero, Springvale, St. Johns Hill, Otamatea, Aramoho, Wanganui East, Bastia Hill, Durie Hill and Pūtiki. Of these, all except Wanganui East, Bastia Hill, Durie Hill and Pūtiki are on the northwest bank.

A panoramic view of Wanganui, New Zealand, from the top of the War Memorial Tower on Durie Hill. In the centre is Wanganui City Bridge.

Economy

In 2013, 2014 and 2015 Whanganui was included in the world's Smart21 Intelligent Communities by the Intelligent Community Forum[26]

Whanganui has a strong industry base, with a history of niche manufacturing. Current businesses include Q-West Boat Builders, based at the Port who have built boats for customers from around New Zealand and the world and were awarded a contract in 2015 to build two 34 meter passenger ferries for Auckland ferry company Fullers.[27][28][29][30] Pacific Helmets is another example of award-winning niche manufacturing in the district, winning a Silver Pin at the Best Design Awards in October 2015. [31]

Much of Whanganui's economy relates directly to the fertile and prosperous farming hinterland near the town. Heads Road is Whanganui's main industrial area and is home to a number of manufacturing and engineering operations. The Wanganui Port, once the centre of industrial transport, still has some traffic but is more noted for the Q-West boat building operation there. F. Whitlock & Sons Ltd was a notable company first established in 1902.[32]

Climate

Climate data for Whanganui
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3)		 22.7
(72.9)		 21.3
(70.3)		 18.8
(65.8)		 16
(61)		 13.8
(56.8)		 13.2
(55.8)		 13.8
(56.8)		 15.3
(59.5)		 17
(63)		 18.8
(65.8)		 20.7
(69.3)		 17.8
(64)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9)		 18.5
(65.3)		 17.1
(62.8)		 14.6
(58.3)		 12.4
(54.3)		 10.4
(50.7)		 9.5
(49.1)		 10.2
(50.4)		 11.9
(53.4)		 13.3
(55.9)		 14.8
(58.6)		 16.9
(62.4)		 14.1
(57.4)
Average low °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2)		 14.1
(57.4)		 12.9
(55.2)		 10.6
(51.1)		 8.5
(47.3)		 6.5
(43.7)		 5.6
(42.1)		 6.2
(43.2)		 8.0
(46.4)		 9.6
(49.3)		 10.9
(51.6)		 12.8
(55)		 10.0
(50)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 59.2
(2.331)		 75.5
(2.972)		 62.9
(2.476)		 69.2
(2.724)		 79.5
(3.13)		 88.8
(3.496)		 85.3
(3.358)		 74.4
(2.929)		 73.7
(2.902)		 88.0
(3.465)		 75.4
(2.969)		 86.4
(3.402)		 916.7
(36.091)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 250.2 213.5 192.1 159.4 129.0 99.2 120.7 137.8 147.5 180.5 203.6 221.9 2,055
Source: NIWA Climate Data[33]

Whanganui District

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Main article: Whanganui District

The Whanganui District covers 2337 km2, the majority of which is hill country, with a narrow coastal strip of flat land and a major urban settlement on the lower banks of the Whanganui River. A large proportion of this is within the Whanganui National Park.

The region is known for its outstanding natural environment with the Whanganui Awa (River) at its heart. It is the second largest river in the North Island, the longest navigable waterway in the country, and covers 290 kilometres from the heights of Mount Tongariro to Wanganui’s coast and the Tasman Sea. Every bend and rapid of the river (there are 239 listed rapids) has a guardian, or kaitiaki, who maintains the mauri (life force) of that stretch of the river.

Whanganui hapū (sub-tribes) were renowned for their canoeing skills and maintained extensive networks of weirs and fishing traps along the River. Generations of river iwi have learned to use and protect this great taonga (treasure) and on 13 September 2012 the Whanganui River became the first river in the world to gain recognition as a legal identity.

Today the River and its surrounds are used for a number of recreational activities including kayaking, jet boating, tramping, cycling and camping. A national cycleway has recently opened, which takes cyclists from the ‘mountains to the sea’. The Whanganui National Park provides protection for native flora and fauna and was established in 1986.

In the local government reorganisation of the 1980s, Wanganui District Council resulted from the amalgamation in 1989 of Wanganui County Council, most of Waitotara County Council, a small part of Stratford County Council, and Wanganui City Council.

All but some 4,200 people in the Whanganui District live in the township itself, meaning there are few prominent outlying settlements. A small but notable village is Jerusalem, which was home to Mother Mary Joseph Aubert and the poet James K. Baxter.

The Whanganui District is also home to other settlements with small populations, including Kaitoke, Upokongaro, Kai Iwi/Mowhanau, Aberfeldy, Westmere, Maxwell, Marybank, and Fordell.

Education

Wanganui Collegiate School

The Wanganui Collegiate School was founded by a land grant in 1852 by the Governor of New Zealand, Sir George Grey, to the Bishop of New Zealand, George Augustus Selwyn, for the purpose of establishing a school. It was originally a boys-only school but in 1991 began admitting girls at senior levels and went fully co-educational in 1999. The school celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2004.

The school amalgamated with St George’s School in 2010. The combined schools provide primary education for day students on the St George campus, and secondary education for day and boarding students on the Collegiate campus.[34]

Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, spent two terms in 1982 at the school as a junior master during his gap year.

Wanganui City College

Wanganui City College has had three names. Wanganui Technical College, established in 1911, became Wanganui Boys' College in 1964 and in 1994 it became Wanganui City College.[35]

Wanganui High School

Wanganui High School is located in Purnell Street Whanganui.

Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Atihaunui-A-Paparangi

Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Atihaunui-A-Paparangi is located in Anaua Street, Putiki.

Te Kura o Kokohuia

Te Kura o Kokohuia is located at Matipo Street, Castlecliff.

Wanganui Girls' College

Wanganui Girls' College is located in Jones Street, Whanganui East, near the Dublin Street Bridge.

Cullinane College

Cullinane College is an integrated, co-educational college.

St. Dominic's College

St. Dominic's College is in Gonville, Wanganui

Universal College of Learning

UCOL was founded in 1907 and was known as the Palmerston North Technical School. In 1971 it became the Palmerston North Technical Institute and in 1983 the Manawatu Polytechnic. At the time it specialised in trade [apprenticeship] courses, and in hobby, art, and craft classes, along with a range of night school programmes in business studies for working adults. UCOL expanded in January 2001 with the incorporation of the Wairarapa Regional Polytechnic and the integration of the Wanganui Regional Community Polytechnic on 1 April 2002. The Wanganui Regional Community Polytechnic is now called Whanganui UCOL and incorporates the Wanganui School of Design.

Culture

The Royal Wanganui Opera House, March 1967. The building, one of New Zealand's last Victorian theatres, still stands today.

Cultural institutions

Wanganui has a strong cultural and recreational focus. Queen's Park (Pukenamu) in the central township has several cultural institutions including the Sarjeant Gallery, the Whanganui Regional Museum, the Davis Library, the Alexander Heritage and Research Library, and the Wanganui War Memorial Centre. Wanganui is home to New Zealand's only glass school and is renowned for its glass art.

Sarjeant Gallery collection

There are more than 5,500 artworks in the Sarjeant Gallery, initially focused on 19th and early 20th century British and European art but, given the expansive terms of the will of benefactor Henry Sarjeant, the collection now spans 16th century through to 21st century.

Among the collections are historic and modern works in all media – on paper, sculptures, pottery, ceramics and glass; bronze works; video art; and paintings by contemporary artists and old masters.

Notable are works by Edward Coley Burne-Jones, Domenico Piola, Frank Brangwyn, Bernardino Poccetti, Gaspard Dughet, William Richmond, William Etty, Lelio Orsi, Frederick Goodall, Augustus John and others.

Among its collection are six works by Wanganui artist Herbert Ivan Babbage.

Celebrated hometown collection of Edith Collier's work.

Whanganui Regional Museum collection

The Whanganui Regional Museum collection has been growing since the first items were displayed in Samuel Henry Drew's shop window in Victoria Avenue. Artwork by John Tiffin Stewart

Visual artists

Wanganui is home to artists who work in a range of media:

Potters

Potters have a long history of working in the area Rick Rudd, Paul Rayner, Ivan Vostinar[36][37] and Ross Mitchell-Anyon.

Glass artists

Largely as a result of the activities of UCOL School of Art, the town has become particularly identified with hot glass, and to a lesser extent 'warm' or kiln-formed glass

Theatre

A Repertory group has been active in the town since 1933.

Landmarks and buildings

Sarjeant Gallery

The Sarjeant Gallery Te Whare o Rehua Whanganui is located in Queen's Park, Whanganui. The Gallery was built as the result of a bequest to the town by Henry Sarjeant in 1912, and is listed as a Category I Historic Place and has the highest possible listing under the New Zealand Historic Places Trust Act.[38]

Whanganui Regional Museum

The Whanganui Regional Museum building in Queen's Park was constructed in 1928.

Royal Wanganui Opera House

The Royal Wanganui Opera House is located in St Hill Street in central Whanganui.

Stewart House

Stewart House is located on the corner of Campbell and Plymouth Streets, Whanganui. It is now a private home but it was formerly the Karitane Home and later a boarding residence for secondary school students. It was built for philanthropist John Tiffin Stewart and social activist Frances Ann Stewart.

Cameron Blockhouse

The Cameron Blockhouse is situated south of Whanganui.

Social and Religious History

Early Institutions

Karitane Hospital, Wanganui Orphanage, Alma Gardens

Notable People, early recorders of social history

Notable People researching and recording Whanganui's social history

  • Joan Rosier-Jones
  • Huia Kirk
  • Hamish McDouall

Contemporary Institutions

Media

Local print media include:

  • Wanganui Chronicle - Wanganui's main daily newspaper founded in 1856
  • Wanganui Midweek - Published by the Chronicle every Wednesday
  • The Rivercity Press - Community paper published every Thursday

Local radio stations include:

  • The Hits 89.6 - features a local daytime show from 9am-3pm hosted by Darryl Mallett.[39]
  • Brian FM 91.2 - Music with no ads or announcers
  • Awa FM 100.0 - Local Iwi station broadcasting in both Māori and English
  • The Avenue 105.6 - Older music with few ads and talk

Other radio stations broadcast from Auckland or Wellington

Sports

Sport Team's Colours[40]
Blue
Black
Blue
Shorts/Skirt

Rugby

Wanganui is one of the oldest rugby unions in New Zealand, but has never held the Ranfurly Shield. The Whanganui environs have produced many All Blacks including Andrew Donald, Bill Osborne, Buff Milner, George Bullock-Douglas, Glen Osborne, Harrison Rowley, John Blair, John Hogan, Moke Belliss, Mona Thomson, Pat Potaka, Peina Taituha, Peter Henderson, Peter Johns, Peter McDonnell, Peter Murray, Sandy McNicol and Keith Gudsell who also played three tests for the Wallabies. Although from the Manawatu, 1987 Rugby World Cup winning All Black Captain David Kirk was a student at Wanganui Collegiate School.

In 2008 the Wanganui representative rugby team under the captaincy of David Gower, won the NZRFU's Heartland Championship (Meads Cup) by defeating Mid Canterbury 27-12 in the final. They had previously been the defeated finalist in 2006 and 2007. The 2008 side had an undefeated season – the first since 1947. The rugby squad, including coach and management, was accorded the honour of 'Freedom of the City' by the Whanganui District Council – the first time the award had been given to any sporting team.

The 2009 representative team repeated this feat by regaining the Meads Cup – again defeating Mid Canterbury in the final by 34 points to 13 (after trailing nil-13 at halftime). Unlike 2008, the 2009 did lose games (to Wellington, Wairarapa Bush and Mid Canterbury) but came good at the business end of the season. Ten Whanganui players were selected for the Heartland XV.

The Wanganui rugby jersey, due to its resemblance, is known as the butcher's apron.[41]

Athletics

In January 1962 Peter Snell broke the world mile record before a huge crowd at Cooks Gardens.

Motor-racing

Rod Coleman (motorcycle racer) was a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer.[42]

Earl Bamber, Racing driver and winner of the 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2014 Porsche Supercup

Notable people

Sister cities

Whanganui has two sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:

The Wanganui District Council decided in 2008 to formally end its sister city relationship with Reno, Nevada, USA after years of inactivity.[44] The relationship was parodied on "The Prefect of Wanganui" episode of Reno 911!.

Instead, it has looked to partner a Samoan village in the wake of the 2009 tsunami tragedy.

Image Gallery

  • Glasgow Street Dairy

  • Whanganui River mouth, boat and swimmers

  • Surfer at Castlecliff Beach

  • Beach, Whanganui

  • Waimarie paddle steamer and rowers on the Whanganui River

  • Fishers at South Mole

  • Whanganui Musicians Club at the Old Savage Club

  • Along the river road

  • Upriver near Jerusalem, (Hiruharama)

  • River scene

  • Hydroplanes on the river

  • Fragile river

  • Rowers on the river

References

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External links

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  5. ↑ [1] Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p. 494.
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  18. ↑ [2] Archived 25 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ [3] Archived 23 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  25. ↑ ‘H’ to be added to Wanganui District name
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